• Andrew Minjun Park, 27, is a graduate student at Seoul National University.
• Park joined the protests in Seoul after South Korea's president abruptly declared martial law.
• He arrived at the National Assembly at about 11:45 p.m. Tuesday and stayed until the next morning.

This as-told-to essay is based on a conversation with Andrew Minjun Park, 27, a graduate student at Seoul National University. Park participated in the protests against martial law outside South Korea's National Assembly building on Tuesday night. The following has been edited for length and clarity.

I was preparing for my political science Ph.D. applications on Tuesday when I heard the news about South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol declaring martial law.

At first, I thought it was fake news. Putting the country under martial law is something that's often associated with the authoritarian governments South Korea had in the '70s and '80s.

But after watching the president's address on YouTube, I realized he was dead serious.

To me, this was a critical moment in Korea's modern history

Initially, I didn't want to join the protests that were forming outside the National Assembly building.

There was a possibility the protests could turn violent. You could also get arrested since protests are illegal under martial law.

But as more and more photos of security forces descending on the building came in, it began to dawn on me that this situation couldn't be taken lightly.

The president had crossed the line when he got the military involved. What he had done posed a risk to democracy.

To me, this was a critical moment in Korea's modern history.

I knew I would regret it for the rest of my life if I didn't head down to the National Assembly.

The protests were scattered at first

I took the subway to the National Assembly. Unlike most nights, the train was packed. I think a few hundred people got off with me at the station when we arrived.

By the time I got to the building, it was around 11:45 p.m.

There was a police bus parked in front of the building's gate to prevent protesters from entering the National Assembly. I also saw helicopters flying over the building.

At first, the protests were scattered. Some groups were near the gate, while others were lingering behind. There didn't seem to be any central leadership.

I noticed that many of the people who were already there seemed to be party members or unionists. The unionists were wearing uniforms and waving their unions' flags.

But at around 12:30 a.m. or so, I started to see families and students arriving in larger numbers. Some parents brought their children along.

This was my first protest, and I wasn't prepared for the physical aspects of it.

It was really cold, and my hands hurt from trying to hold up a banner I had made. And because it was so crowded, I kept bumping into people.

When the National Assembly voted unanimously to block the president's decree, the protests' agenda began to shift toward calling for the arrest and impeachment of President Yoon.

The protests took place in a peaceful manner.

At around 4:30 a.m. or so, the president announced he would lift martial law and withdraw the troops. Cheers broke out among the protesters. That was when I decided to take a cab back home.

The situation is not over yet

After getting home, I called my parents to tell them I had gone to the protests. I had originally told them that I wasn't going to participate in the protests because I could tell they were worried.

They told me I had made the right decision in going. Both of my parents lived through martial law when they were young.

I am wary of what could happen next. There have been calls for President Yoon to resign and for him to be impeached or indicted.

If there are more protests calling for Yoon's removal, I think I will definitely be there, too.

• Seoul city authorities want to tackle the loneliness epidemic with a $322 million plan.
• Lonely individuals can call a 24/7 counseling hotline and win rewards for attending local events.
• While the plan is a step in the right direction, experts say it will not address the problem's roots.

Seoul's loneliness epidemic is eating the city from within.

The city glitters, but there's a reason the locals call South Korea "Hell Joseon." Locals contend with crippling debt and pressure-cooker academic and work lives. Loneliness and isolation stem from and compound those problems. It's a scourge that manifests in different ways across the metropolis's sprawling cityscape, and a pressing issue the government is keen to address.

According to a 2021 study from the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, about 3.1% of those aged 19 to 39, or around 340,000 people, are considered to be lonely and reclusive.

At the extreme end is "godoksa," or lonely death, where someone dies by suicide or illness after living in social isolation.

Lonely deaths in South Korea increased from 3,378 in 2021 to 3,661 in 2023, per the South Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare's data.

The South Korean government plans to spend over $322 million on measures that attempt to fix loneliness. However, experts told Business Insider this initiative fails to address the root causes of the problem — and might not have the effect the government is hoping to achieve.

A 'Seoul Without Loneliness'

Titled "Seoul Without Loneliness," the five-year initiative takes a multi-pronged approach to address the problem.

City authorities said in an October statement that people experiencing loneliness can tap a 24/7 counseling hotline. They can also eat together in community spaces and collect perks and activity points for participating in sporting activities and attending local events.

"We will mobilize our resources to create a happy city where no one is isolated, implement the Seoul Without Loneliness initiative, and thoroughly manage the issue from prevention to healing, reintegration into society, and the prevention of re-isolation," Seoul Mayor Oh Se-hoon said in the statement.

When contacted by Business Insider, a representative for the Seoul Metropolitan Government said that the plan will involve all departments in the city's government collaborating to "establish a systematic support framework tailored to specific fields and life stages."

"'Seoul Without Loneliness' is a bold challenge for the city and not an easy path to take," the representative said. "While numerous trials and errors are expected, and not all issues can be resolved at once, Seoul is confident that continuous efforts and various innovative attempts will eventually lead to achieving its goals."

"Seoul will continue to do its utmost to create a city where all citizens can live happily," the representative added.

Last year, the country's Ministry of Gender Equality and Family said it would pay socially isolated youth around $500 a month to encourage them to mingle with society.

Prevention is better than cure when it comes to tackling loneliness

Psychologists and sociologists that Business Insider spoke to said that while October's initiative is a step in the right direction, it's not a silver bullet.

"It may be helpful for those who feel they're isolated and who are willing to get out of their loneliness. But for those who do not want outside help, then these policies are probably irrelevant to them," Joonmo Son, a sociology professor at the National University of Singapore, told BI.

"The other issue we need to think of is that the policy itself does not prevent loneliness. Rather, it's to prevent the lonely deaths of those who are isolated," Son added.

Eva Chen, a psychology professor at Taiwan's National Tsing Hua University, told BI that South Korea should address the country's competitive culture, which starts young.

Last year, nearly 80% of children participated in private education programs like "hagwons" or cram schools, according to data from South Korea's National Statistics Office. Families also splashed out $19.4 billion on private education — which can span all manner of supplementary drilling on schoolwork, from after-school "hagwon" sessions to tutoring.

"It's an incredibly competitive society, and you can see these issues start to appear when children start their formal schooling. You will notice that suicide rates among Korean students are fairly high when compared to neighboring countries," Chen said.

In 2023, South Korea recorded a suicide rate of 27.3 out of 100,000 people, the highest rate among OECD countries like the US, UK, and Japan.

Navigating such a competitive environment, Chen said, can result in people becoming more withdrawn and isolated.

"It sort of breaks down that willingness to be helpful. In young children, the natural tendency is toward empathy and valuing moral goodness over more superficial factors like your salary and your education," she continued.

Kee Hong Choi, a psychology professor at Korea University, said that his country's education system needs to be "changed dramatically" to become less competitive.

"People become individualistic because they are emotionally hardened from social pressure and judgment," Choi said.

"Many people get traumatized by these kinds of social comparisons in an education system and start to develop depressive, or social anxiety symptoms," he added.

Stakes are high for solving the problem of loneliness

South Korea's ongoing struggle with the loneliness epidemic poses both social and economic implications.

Sohyun Kim, a psychology professor at Korea University, told BI that "the problem of loneliness is one of the most urgent social and economic problems" the country faces.

"Many of these individuals are also financially struggling, which is not surprising as all of these issues can affect various areas of our lives, including our productivity, and also those who are financially more limited have been found to be at higher risk of isolation," Kim said.

Korea University's Choi said social isolation among youths could exacerbate the country's existing socio-economic problems, such as its birth rate.

South Korea's fertility rate was 0.72 in 2023, the lowest in the world. It's even lower in Seoul, which recorded a fertility rate of 0.55 in the same year.

Based on its current trajectory, the country's population of 51 million is expected to halve by 2100. That's another problem Seoul's government is trying to solve with its "birth encouragement" program to raise fertility rates. Nearly a fifth of South Korea's population lives in Seoul.

"Lonely individuals are, of course, less likely to form families. That's a huge problem for Korea right now, to produce the next generation of children, and more practically, the next generation of the workforce," National Tsing Hua University's Chen said.

• A snowstorm blanketed South Korea's capital on Wednesday and Thursday, photos show.
• The snowstorm was the heaviest in the month of November since records began in 1907.
• The severe weather resulted in at least five deaths and led to transportation chaos.

Heavy snow continued to blanket South Korea's capital for a second day running on Thursday, following a record-breaking snowstorm in Seoul the previous day.

Photos of the snowfall show South Koreans enjoying the unusual winter wonderland, the first snow of the season.

However, the severe weather also resulted in a number of deaths and led to travel chaos.

According to Reuters, at least five people died as a result of the adverse weather, with four fatalities due to structures collapsing under the weight of the snow, and one person dying in a traffic accident due to icy roads.

On Wednesday, 11 people were injured after 53 cars were involved in a pile-up in the city of Wonju, about 70 miles east of Seoul, amid the snowy conditions, the Yonhap News Agency reported.

The news agency said the snow caused trees and branches to buckle and collapse across Seoul and the surrounding regions, which led to authorities blocking entry to some roads, power lines snapping, and delays on some subway lines.

Yonhap also reported that more than 140 flights, the majority of them international, were canceled due to the weather.

Wednesday's snowfall in Seoul brought about 6.5 inches of snow to the city and surrounding areas, making it the heaviest snowfall in November since records began in 1907, per the Yonhap News Agency.

The previous record, set in 1966, saw considerably less snowfall, at about 3.7 inches, per CNN.

Data from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) showed 11.3 inches of snow in Seoul at 8 a.m. local time on Thursday, close to the overall record of 12.2 inches recorded at a Seoul weather station in March 1922.

According to the KMA, Suwon, a city about 25 miles from Seoul, received almost 17 inches of snow on Thursday morning.

The snow is expected to lessen over Thursday.