The overly agreeable nature of most artificial intelligence chatbots can be irritating — but it poses more serious problems, too, experts warn.

Why it matters: Sycophancy, the tendency of AI models to adjust their responses to align with users' views, can make ChatGPT and its ilk prioritize flattery over accuracy.

Driving the news: In April, OpenAI rolled back a ChatGPT update after users reported the bot was overly flattering and agreeable — or, as CEO Sam Altman put it on X, "It glazes too much."

• Users reported a raft of unctuous, over-the-top compliments from ChatGPT, which began telling people how smart and wonderful they were.
• On Reddit, posters compared notes on how the bot seemed to cheer on users who said they'd stopped taking their medications with answers like "I am so proud of you. And—I honor your journey."

OpenAI quickly rolled back the updates it blamed for the behavior. In a May post, its researchers admitted that such people-pleasing behavior can pose concerns for users' mental health.

• In a Q&A on Reddit, OpenAI's head of model behavior said the company is thinking about ways to evaluate sycophancy in a more "'objective' and scalable way."

Context: A study by Anthropic researchers on how human feedback can encourage sycophantic behavior showed that AI assistants will sometimes modify accurate answers when questioned by the user — and ultimately give an inaccurate response.

• Chatbots also tended to admit a mistake even when they hadn't made one.

Zoom in: Large language models, which are trained on massive sets of data, are built to generate smooth, comprehensible text, Caleb Sponheim, an experience specialist at Nielsen Norman Group, told Axios. But there's "no step in the training of an AI model that does fact-checking."

• "These tools inherently don't prioritize factuality because that's not how the mathematical architecture works," he said.
• Sponheim notes that language models are often trained to deliver responses that are highly rated by humans. That positive feedback is like a "reward."
• "There is no limit to the lengths that a model will go to maximize the rewards that are provided to it," he said. "It is up to us to decide what those rewards are and when to stop it in its pursuit of those rewards."

Yes, but: AI makers are responding to consumer demand, notes Julia Freeland Fisher, the director of education research at the Clayton Christensen Institute.

• In a world where people are at constant risk of being judged online, it's "no surprise that there's demand for flattery or even just ... a modicum of psychological safety with a bot," she noted.

She emphasized that AI's anthropomorphism — the assumption of human qualities by an inhuman entity — poses a catch-22, one that OpenAI noted in its GPT-4o scorecard.

• "The more personal AI is, the more engaging the user experience is, but the greater the risk of over-reliance and emotional connection," she said.

Luc LaFreniere, an assistant professor of psychology at Skidmore College, told Axios that sycophantic behavior can shatter users' perception of a chatbot's "empathy."

• "Anything that it does to show, 'Hey, I'm a robot, I'm not a person,' it breaks that perception, and it also then breaks the ability for people to benefit from empathy," he said.
• A report from Filtered.com co-founder Marc Zao-Sanders published in Harvard Business Review found that therapy and companionship is the top use case for generative AI in 2025.

Between the lines: "Just like social media can become an echo chamber for us, AI ... can become an echo chamber," LaFreniere said.

• Reinforcing users' preconceived beliefs when they may be mistaken can be generally problematic — but for patients or users in crisis seeking validation for harmful behaviors, it can be dangerous.

The bottom line: Frictionless interaction could give users unrealistic expectations of human relationships, LaFreniere said.

• "AI is a tool that is designed to meet the needs expressed by the user," he added. "Humans are not tools to meet the needs of users."

What's next: As the AI industry shifts toward multimodal and voice interactions, emotional experiences are inescapable, said Alan Cowen, the founder and CEO of Hume AI, whose mission is to build empathy into AI.

• Systems should be optimized to not just make users feel good, "but actually have better experiences in the long run," Cowen told Axios.

Go deeper: The robot empathy divide

President Trump said Sunday night any country "aligning themselves with the Anti-American policies of BRICS" will be charged "an ADDITIONAL 10% Tariff" and there'll be "no exceptions to this policy."

Why it matters: While Trump didn't elaborate further, BRICS issued a statement hours earlier saying the 11 nations-strong bloc that includes Brazil, Russia, India and China had "serious concerns about the rise of unilateral tariff and non-tariff measures which distort trade," which it said was "inconsistent with" World Trade Organization rules.

• The BRICS bloc that now also includes South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Ethiopia, Indonesia and Iran represents over one third of the world's economic growth, "based on purchasing power parity," DW notes.

The big picture: BRICS released its statement as it held its first leaders since 2009 in Brazil on Sunday, which Chinese leader Xi Jinping and Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin did not attend in person.

• The bloc did not name Trump as it criticized tariffs and condemned military strikes on Iran, which saw the U.S. destroy Iranian nuclear sites in support of Israel as the 12-day war between Israel and Iran came to an abrupt end.

Zoom out: Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said earlier Sunday that countries that don't make trade deals with the U.S. by August 1 can expect tariff rates to return to the levels announced in April — which Axios' Ben Berkowitz notes effectively sets a new deadline for the biggest U.S. trading partners to negotiate an alternative to Trump's sweeping global tariffs.

Flashback: Trump threatens 100% tariffs on BRICS if they move away from the dollar

Editor's note: This article has been updated with new details throughout.

While the story of the Texas flooding tragedy and what went wrong is still unspooling, scientists said it provides another reminder that climate change can make extreme rainfall events even worse.

What they're saying: "[T]his kind of record-shattering rain (caused by slow-moving torrential thunderstorms) event is *precisely* that which is increasing the fastest in warming climate," UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain said in a longer social media thread.

Threat level: Andrew Dessler, director of the Texas Center for Extreme Weather at Texas A&M, says the floods are "exactly what the future is going to hold."

• Dessler added that Kerr County was unprepared and local governments should be ready for "more, bigger, extreme events."
• And UC-Davis earth and planetary sciences professor Nicholas Pinter said that in general, climate change "can and is shifting those probabilities — sometimes bringing us floods that are more severe and more frequent than in the past."

Friction point: The fatal flooding is prompting questions about whether vacant positions at the National Weather Service "made it harder for the forecasting agency to coordinate with local emergency managers as floodwaters rose," the NYT reports.

What we're watching: Whether the tragedy will alter Trump administration efforts to downsize NOAA — and Congress' willingness to go along.

• CNN reports the proposed cuts would hinder R&D into new forecasting technologies — including flash flood forecasting.
• "The NOAA research cuts would come just as human-caused climate change is resulting in more frequent and intense downpours like the ones that led to this tragedy in Texas," it reports.

President Trump's Justice Department and FBI have concluded they have no evidence that convicted sex offender and disgraced financier Jeffrey Epstein blackmailed powerful figures, kept a "client list" or was murdered, according to a memo detailing the findings obtained by Axios.

• The administration is releasing a video — in both raw and "enhanced" versions — that it says indicates no one entered the area of the Manhattan prison where Epstein was held the night he died in 2019.
• The video supports a medical examiner's finding that Epstein committed suicide, the two-page memo claims.

Why it matters: The findings represent the first time Trump's administration has officially contradicted conspiracy theories about Epstein's activities and his death — theories that had been pushed by the FBI's top two officials before Trump appointed them to the bureau.

• As social media influencers and activists, Kash Patel (now the FBI's director) and Dan Bongino (now deputy director) were among those in MAGA world who questioned the official version of how Epstein died.
• Patel and Bongino have since said Epstein committed suicide. But it has become an article of faith online, especially on the right, that Epstein's crimes also implicated government officials, celebrities and business leaders — and that someone killed him to conceal them.
• The memo says no one else involved in the Epstein case will be charged. (Epstein's associate Ghislaine Maxwell is serving a 20-year sentence for child sex trafficking and related offenses.)

Zoom in: According to the memo, investigators closely examined footage of Epstein's Manhattan prison cell between around 10:40 pm on Aug. 9, 2019, when Epstein was locked in his cell, and around 6:30 am the next day, when he was found unresponsive.

• The footage, which was reviewed by Axios but couldn't be verified independently, showed no one entering the area, the administration said.
• "The FBI enhanced the relevant footage by increasing its contrast, balancing the color, and improving its sharpness for greater clarity and viewability," the memo says.
• Investigators found "no incriminating 'client list' " of Epstein's, "no credible evidence ... that Epstein blackmailed prominent individuals," and no "evidence that could predicate an investigation against uncharged third parties," the memo adds.

Zoom out: As MAGA influencers, Patel and Bongino had been among the loudest voices touting Epstein conspiracy theories.

• Since joining the government as Trump appointees they've been more measured in talking about the Epstein investigation, and thrown cold water on the notion he was murdered.
• "He killed himself," Bongino said on Fox News in May. "I've seen the whole file."

MAGA's media universe and some of its voices on Capitol Hill have expressed frustration with the Trump administration's handling of the Epstein case since February, when DOJ released a tranche of Epstein-related files that were already publicly available.

Conservative figures panned the disclosure, saying it lacked new information.

• "THIS IS NOT WHAT WE OR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE ASKED FOR and a complete disappointment," Rep. Anna Paulina Luna (R-Fla.) posted then. "GET US THE INFORMATION WE ASKED FOR!"

The intrigue: When Elon Musk had a falling out with Trump last month, Musk accused the president of being "in the Epstein files."

• Trump posted on Truth Social a statement from former Epstein lawyer David Schoen, saying Trump wasn't implicated in any crime. Schoen had also represented Trump in his first impeachment trial.

Musk later deleted his accusation and other posts on X, saying he "went too far."

• Still, the questions about whether Trump's name is in the government's Epstein files have persisted because they had been acquaintances who attended the same parties in the 1990s.
• In a 2017 interview with author Michael Wolff, Epstein even claimed that at one point he was "Donald Trump's closest friend."
• Trump, however, said in 2019 that he was "not a fan of Epstein" and hadn't "spoken to him for 15 years." He also said he had barred Epstein from his golf resorts in the early 2000s.
• Democrats, meanwhile, have demanded to know more about the Epstein-Trump relationship.

What's next: The DOJ and FBI say in the memo that no "further disclosure" of Epstein-related material "would be appropriate or warranted."

• The memo says much of the material relates to child sexual abuse, details of Epstein's victims, and information that would expose innocent individuals to "allegations of wrongdoing."
• "Through this review, we found no basis to revisit the disclosure of those materials and will not permit the release of child pornography," the memo says.

Axios' Marc Caputo contributed to this story.

President Trump wants to reach an agreement with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in their meeting on Monday on terms for ending the war in Gaza, two U.S. officials tell Axios.

Why it matters: Trump is trying to seize the momentum from the Israel–Iran ceasefire to secure a breakthrough in Gaza this week. After four months of failed talks, there has been fresh momentum in recent days towards a ceasefire deal.

Breaking it down: The deal on the table is a 60-day truce involving the release of 10 live Israeli hostages and 18 deceased hostages. Trump hopes it will be a step toward a bigger peace agreement, though Netanyahu has thus far been unwilling to sign any deal to end the war.

• Negotiators from Israel and Hamas, together with Qatari and Egyptian mediators, met Sunday in Doha to try and reach an agreement on the last sticking points in the ceasefire and hostage talks.
• Netanyahu said before departing Israel that his meeting with Trump could help get a deal across the line.
• Trump told reporters on Sunday that he thinks a deal could be reached this week.

Friction point: If a temporary ceasefire is reached, the post-war situation in Gaza will become the central topic in negotiations during the 60-day truce.

• The U.S. side wants to reach understandings with the Israelis about who will govern Gaza without Hamas, and what security guarantees will prevent the group's return.

Driving the news: Trump and Netanyahu are expected to meet for dinner at the White House on Monday evening.

• U.S. officials told Axios the "day after" issue will be a central topic in the meeting.
• Initial discussions on this issue were held last week at the White House between Netanyahu's confidant Ron Dermer and White House envoy Steve Witkoff.
• A U.S. official said Trump wants to hear Netanyahu's views on the post-war situation and reach a mutual understanding.
• "We want to get an agreement on what comes next. At least a framework on the day after," the U.S. official said.

The other side: Israel has softened its position on the need to send senior Hamas officials into exile as part of a deal to end the war and is now willing to settle for the symbolic expulsion of a few top military commanders.

• "There aren't many senior Hamas officials left in Gaza. We are not going to need a big ship to send them to exile — even a small dinghy will do," an Israeli official said.
• The Israeli official added that Israel demands the dismantling of Hamas' military wing but is willing to consider granting amnesty for hundreds of militants if they lay down their arms.

The big picture: The big political "hot potato" is the question of who will govern a post-war Gaza.

• Both Israel and the Trump administration want to avoid a Hezbollah-like model in Gaza, where Hamas stays as an armed militia even if only underground, while a civilian government runs the enclave.
• "We are determined to ensure that Gaza no longer poses a threat to Israel. It means one thing: the elimination of Hamas' military and governing capabilities. Hamas will not be there," Netanyahu said on Sunday before leaving Israel.

Zoom in: Netanyahu opposes Hamas having any part in governing a post-war Gaza, but also opposes any involvement of the Palestinian Authority in managing the enclave after the war ends.

• Netanyahu wants Arab countries to control Gaza and provide security together with local Palestinian figures who are not affiliated with Hamas or the Palestinian Authority.
• Egypt, Jordan, the UAE and Saudi Arabia oppose this and demand some role for the Palestinian Authority and a clear political horizon for the Palestinians in order to get involved in a post-war plan.
• Countries in Europe and the Arab world are pushing for the day-after plan for Gaza to be part of a two-state solution between the Israelis and Palestinians, but Netanyahu and his government adamantly reject that.

Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said Sunday he imagined that Elon Musk's businesses' boards weren't so keen on the Tesla CEO's unveiling of his new "America Party."

The big picture: The world's richest man — who before his explosive fallout with President Trump said he'd do a lot less political spending moving forward — became a GOP mega-donor last year. Now, the billionaire seems intent on carving a new political path.

• Irate over Trump's recently signed "big, beautiful bill," the former DOGE leader is turning his sights away from what he described as "the two-party (some would say uniparty) system" and plans to form his own party.

Driving the news: Bessent, with whom Musk once had a heated spat in the White House, said on CNN's "State of the Union" Sunday that "the principles of DOGE were very popular" — but Musk was not.

• Musk's massive slashes through the federal government left a bruise on his reputation and his company.
• A March NBC News poll found that 46% of voters thought creating DOGE was a good idea, while 40% said it was bad — but when asked to broadly rate their feelings on DOGE, 47% had a negative view, compared to 41% who held a positive view. And 51% had a negative view of Musk himself.

What he's saying: "I believe that the boards of directors at his various companies wanted him to come back and run those companies, which he is better at than anyone," Bessent told CNN's Dana Bash.

• He continued, "I imagine that those boards of directors did not like this announcement yesterday, and will be encouraging him to focus on his business activities, not his political activities."

Catch up quick: Musk announced on Saturday that he would launch "the America Party," which he claimed would "give you back your freedom."

• Musk said in a response that the party would caucus independently and that "legislative discussions would be had with both parties."

Yes, but: There are steps Musk must take to formally register a political party, and recent Federal Election Commission filings don't show that has yet happened.

What we're watching: The day prior, he shared a poll to his followers asking whether he should create a new political party and suggested part of his strategy would be to "laser-focus on just 2 or 3 Senate seats and 8 to 10 House districts."

• Musk didn't specify what those specific races would be.
• He added, "Given the razor-thin legislative margins, that would be enough to serve as the deciding vote on contentious laws, ensuring that they serve the true will of the people."

Billionaire Mark Cuban and Anthony Scaramucci, who briefly worked in for Trump during his first term, both appeared interested.

• Cuban replied to Musk's post with emojis of fireworks and fire, and wrote in a separate post: "I work with @voterchoice. They will help you get on ballots. That is their mission."
• Scaramucci retweeted Musk and wrote: "I would like to meet to discuss. My DMs are open."

Go deeper: Elon Musk floats strategy for new political party

Countries that don't make trade deals with the U.S. by August 1 can expect tariff rates to return to the levels announced in April, Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said Sunday.

Why it matters: It's effectively a new deadline for the biggest U.S. trading partners to negotiate an alternative to President Trump's sweeping global tariffs — even as Bessent insists nothing had changed.

Catch up quick: On Friday, Trump said about a dozen countries would receive letters Monday unilaterally setting a tariff rate, with more to come in the following days.

• Trump has said he preferred those letters to negotiations, after a three-month pause on his most sweeping tariffs netted three deals, rather than the 90 his administration promised.
• That pause expires this coming Wednesday.

What they're saying: Bessent, in an interview with CNN's "State of the Union," said the letters would make clear that absent a deal, the rates would return to the levels Trump announced April 2.

• "It's not a new deadline. We are saying, this is when it's happening, if you want to speed things up, have at it, if you want to go back to the old rate, that's your choice," he said.

The intrigue: Even with the new date in play, Bessent said there will be significant activity in the coming hours, as countries scramble to get something done before the original deadline.

• "We are close to several deals. As always, there's a lot of foot-dragging on the other side," he said. "I would expect to see several big announcements over the next couple of days."

What to watch: Trump's letter threat risks re-igniting the tariff chaos that crushed CEO and consumer confidence earlier this year and sent financial markets plunging.

• Stocks have since rebounded to new record highs, consumer sentiment has improved and bond markets have taken a deep breath — all of which could be at risk if the trade war heats back up.

Americans live in separate economic realities: Those with a job are likely to stay employed, but those without one are likely to stay unemployed.

Why it matters: Welcome to the low-hire, low-fire labor market. Private-sector layoffs are at historic lows, but that masks a dreadful outlook for unemployed workers or those unhappy with their current positions.

Driving the news: The labor market surprised in June with a better-than-expected payroll gain of 147,000, the government said on Thursday.

• But a whopping 85% of those job gains came in just two sectors, according to calculations by Mike Konczal, a former Biden economic official: education and health care.
• Hiring in other sectors — including professional and business services, a catch-all category for white collar jobs — was little changed, the government said.

The big picture: That continues the "frozen job market" trend that has plagued the economy in recent years. The trend is being exacerbated by the rise of AI, as employers experiment with how to make their workforces more productive.

• Separate data released this week showed the number of layoffs fell by 188,000 in May, hovering above multi-decade lows.
• But the number of people hired into new jobs also fell by 112,000, to a rate significantly below its pre-pandemic levels.
• The number of workers continuing to collect unemployment benefits is at the highest level since 2021, a sign that it is taking jobless workers longer to find a job.

What they're saying: "We're in a complex jobs market —it's not falling apart but the lack of dynamism, the lack of churn and the lack of hiring has been punctuated in the first half of the year," says ADP chief economist Nela Richardson.

• "Many employers are loath to lay off workers until they see the whites of the eyes of a recession, having had such problems finding suitable workers in the first place," David Kelly, chief global strategist at J.P. Morgan Asset Management, wrote in a recent note.

The bottom line: If you look only at how many Americans are losing their jobs, this appears to be a pretty terrific labor market. If you look only at how many are being hired for new jobs, it is the weakest in years.

• The question ahead is how it gets unstuck — with a pick-up in hiring, or a pick-up in layoffs.

Go deeper: It's still a no-hire/no-fire job market

More Americans are going hungry, per new data from Morning Consult.

The big picture: It's a shocking data point for the wealthiest country in the world, and comes at a time when the stock market is hitting record highs and President Trump just signed a bill slashing food benefits.

• The rise is like a slow-moving train wreck, says John Leer, chief economist at Morning Consult. "There's such a disconnect now between record highs on Wall Street and elevated levels of food insecurity."

Zoom in: The share of adults who tell Morning Consult in monthly surveys that they sometimes or often don't have enough to eat — or are food insecure — has been creeping up over the past several years.

• In May, 15.6% of adults were food insecure, almost double the rate in 2021. At that time Congress had beefed up SNAP benefits and expanded the Child Tax Credit driving down poverty rates, and giving people more money for food.

Zoom out: The rate appears higher than pre-pandemic levels.

• Morning Consult's data only goes back to 2021. However, federal data that measures food insecurity, and roughly lines up with Morning Consult's findings, shows the numbers were already above pro-COVID levels back in 2023.

Demand for food is up 120% from three years ago at the Philadelphia-area food bank network where George Matysik is executive director.

• As soon as the government support pulled back in 2022, "we started to see the numbers go up," says Matysik, who is with the Share Food Network, which serves hundreds of thousands of people.
• Demand just continued to rise from there, along with grocery prices.

Between the lines: Congress just passed a huge cut to food benefits, or SNAP, that is likely to make the situation far worse, says Matycik.

• The "big, beautiful bill" pushes states to provide more funding for SNAP, and tightens work requirements for benefits.
• Before, adults over age 54 weren't required to work; now the age limit is 64. And fewer parents are exempted from working, as well.
• It's expected that millions will lose benefits, and more would receive less.
• People will have less money for food, further driving folks to food banks, which had already been dealing with different spending cuts from the White House.

Reality check: Some of the cuts to SNAP, involving state funding, don't take effect until 2028 — raising the possibility that they might not happen.

• The data also looks a bit volatile, bouncing around quite a bit — it spiked at the end of 2024, and it's not clear why.
• It is likely a reflection of how precarious it is to make ends meet for folks at the lower end of the wage scale — some are in hourly jobs with fluctuating schedules, which can be rough on one's personal finances.

The other side: The White House and congressional Republicans argue that cuts to these benefits are a way to push more people into the labor market and reduce dependence on government assistance, as well as an effort to reduce waste, fraud and abuse.

The bottom line: Americans are increasingly struggling to afford food, and the situation is expected to worsen in the coming years.

Mass surveillance. Pre-emptive military strikes in the Middle East. Shipping people to domestic and foreign prisons. Citing national security to hide information from the courts. Labeling people as "terrorists" as a political and legal strategy.

Why it matters: Donald Trump became president in part by running against the legacy of George W. Bush, the last Republican in the White House before him. But now Trump is supercharging many of the post-9/11 legal, tactical and political strategies Bush used.

Driving the news: Trump's push to deport "millions" of unauthorized immigrants and his strikes on Iran's nuclear facilities in particular have many parallels to Bush's "War on Terror."

• Trump's sending unauthorized immigrants to high-security prisons in the U.S. and abroad — sometimes denying them due process.
• Bush sent alleged terrorists — including undocumented people in the U.S. — to prisons around the world and the U.S. military facility at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The Trump administration is now using "Gitmo" for detainees it says have criminal histories.
• Trump preemptively, and unilaterally, attacked Iran with 14 bunker-buster bombs and launched missiles at an Iranian-backed proxy group in Yemen, killing dozens.
• He said he ordered the first attack out of concern Iran was close to gaining a nuclear weapon. Bush used a similar rationale for invading Iraq, though unlike Trump he got Congress' approval beforehand.

The similarities don't stop there:

• Surveillance: Trump has enlisted tech company and defense contractor Palantir to help surveil and track unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. Bush enlisted telecom companies such as AT&T and Sprint for most of his domestic surveillance in the name of stopping terrorists. Trump's "One Big Beautiful Bill" provides billions to expand such programs. (Palantir told Axios that its software doesn't proactively collect data, and said its work is in accordance with the law.)
• Executive orders: Trump's administration has invoked some of Bush's executive orders made after 9/11 to justify his immigration actions, as Semafor pointed out.
• Rhetoric: Trump has labeled alleged members of Latin American gangs as "terrorists" and "alien enemies" to justify expedited deportations. He has said his administration is focused mostly on "the worst of the worst" — the same phrase Bush's administration used in its anti-terror campaign.
• Courts: Trump and Bush's administrations both concealed information from judges and court hearings using the "state secrets privilege," claiming there would be a national security risk for transparency.
• Habeas corpus: Trump has floated suspending habeas corpus — suspects' right to use the courts to fight unlawful detentions. Bush tried to do that in 2006 before it was overturned by the Supreme Court.

Reality check: There are exceptions to the Trump-Bush parallels.

• Trump's immigration effort is far broader than Bush's, which focused largely on men suspected of having ties to terror groups. Trump's deportation efforts are targeted at millions more noncitizens in communities nationwide.
• Bush was also responding to the trauma of the 9/11 attacks and fearful of another mass attack.
• So far, Trump's attacks against Iran have been far more limited than the government-toppling invasions Bush embarked on.

What they're saying: A spokesperson for Bush declined to comment.

• "President Trump swore an oath to protect and defend the homeland and promised the American people he would end generational wars, and that's exactly what he's doing," Trump spokesperson Harrison Fields said. "No president has secured our nation and the world more successfully than President Trump, and the American people are safer today because of his leadership than ever before."
• "Trump is saying out loud what the Bush administration did behind closed doors," said Vince Warren, executive director of the Center for Constitutional Rights, the first organization to represent detainees sent to Guantanamo Bay after 9/11.

Between the lines: Most Republicans have cheered Trump's aggressive immigration moves, while Democrats have been mostly muted in pushing back, recognizing that Joe Biden's handling of the border cost them politically.

• Some Trump supporters such as Tucker Carlson have criticized the president's military entanglements in the Middle East, given that Trump ran on a promise to avoid getting involved in wars such as those in Afghanistan and Iraq.
• Vice President Vance has said he understands such concerns and told NBC's "Meet the Press" last month that "the difference is that back then we had dumb presidents, and now we have a president who actually knows how to accomplish America's national security objectives. So this is not going to be some long, drawn-out thing."

Flashback: The Bush administration made mistakes in who it detained and accused of links to terrorism in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks.

• The Bush administration preemptively detained hundreds of Arab and Muslim immigrants in the U.S., and some men were sent to foreign prisons.
• An inspector general report in 2003 said: "Even in the hectic aftermath of the September 11 attacks, we believe the FBI should have taken more care to distinguish between aliens who it actually suspected of having a connection to terrorism," and those "who, while possibly guilty of violating federal immigration law, had no connection to terrorism."

This story has been updated with a comment from a Trump spokesperson.

Israel rejected Hamas' proposed changes to the latest Gaza hostage and ceasefire deal, but will send negotiators to Qatar on Sunday to try to close remaining gaps, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's office said Saturday.

Why it matters: While key hurdles remain, the resumption of indirect talks in Qatar is a significant step toward a potential ceasefire between Israel and Hamas.

• The two parties haven't engaged in negotiations since the previous round of talks collapsed six weeks ago.

Driving the news: President Trump has been pressuring both Israel and Hamas — through Qatari and Egyptian mediators — to agree to a deal that includes a 60-day ceasefire in Gaza and the release of 10 living hostages and 18 bodies.

• He wants to see some progress by Monday, when he plans to meet with Netanyahu at the White House.
• Trump told reporters aboard Air Force One on Friday night that he's "very optimistic" about the chances of getting a deal next week.

What they're saying: "The changes Hamas wants to make in the Qatari proposal are unacceptable," the Israeli prime minister's office said in a statement.

• Still, Netanyahu agreed to Qatar's invitation for "proximity talks" with Hamas.
• The statement said the Israeli negotiating team will depart for Doha on Sunday, and emphasized the talks will be "based on the Qatari proposal that Israel has agreed to."

Catch up quick: Hamas said Friday that its response to the proposed ceasefire and hostage deal "can be characterized as positive" and that the Palestinian militant group is ready to begin implementation talks.

• But Hamas also gave Qatari mediators three reservations it wants to address in indirect talks with Israel and the U.S.
• Once the ceasefire begins, Hamas wants the UN to take back control of humanitarian aid delivery in Gaza. It demanded that the Israel and U.S.-backed Gaza Humanitarian Fund no longer be part of the aid delivery.
• Hamas also wants the IDF to pull back to the positions it held before the March ceasefire collapsed.

Israel has rejected those demands.

Between the lines: Under the current proposal, Israel and Hamas would hold indirect talks during the 60-day ceasefire to negotiate terms for a permanent end to the war.

• The U.S., Qatar and Egypt would commit to extending the truce beyond 60 days if more time is needed.
• Hamas is pushing for a stronger U.S. guarantee that Israel won't be able to unilaterally resume fighting after 60 days.

Efforts to find the 11 girls missing from Camp Mystic after flash floods hit central Texas early Friday morning continue, but the death toll has risen to over 60 people. The total includes both those attending or working at the camp, and people living in the surrounding area.

Here's what we know about the victims of the flooding:

Jeff Wilson

The Humble Independent School District confirmed on X that Wilson was a victim of the flooding.

• Wilson taught Career Technology at Kingswood Park High School, per the school district's website. According to the district's statement, he had been employed with them for 30 years, teaching at both Kingswood Park and Humble High School.
• "He was a beloved teacher and co-worker to many and will be deeply missed," the statement said.
• The school district said that Wilson's wife, Amber, and his son, Shiloh, are among the missing.

Sally Sample Graves

Graves' granddaughter, Sarah Sample, shared that her grandmother died in the flooding on Facebook.

• "A powerful 30 ft wave destroyed her home, sweeping her and our dad downstream," she wrote, adding that her father and his dog survived.
• "We find solace knowing our dad was with her until the very end; caring for her as he has for years. Her unwavering dedication to family has left an indelible mark on our lives," Sample wrote.

Bobby and Amanda Martin

The married couple were camping with their children in an RV when the flood came, Bobby Martin's father, John Keith Martin, told the New York Times.

• Bobby, 46, and Amanda, 44, were from Odessa, Texas.
• "He was an adventurous man, adventurous and outgoing. He had many good friends, because he was a good friend," John Keith Martin told the Times.
• According to the Houston Chronicle, the couple's two younger children were rescued. Their son, Bailey Martin and his girlfriend are among the missing.
• Bailey Martin works as a police officer in Odessa.

Reece and Paula Zunker

Reece Zunker, the Tivy High School boys soccer coach, and his wife, Paula Zunker, died in the flooding, his niece told CNN.

• The team remembered him as more than a soccer coach, writing in a post, "he was a mentor, teacher and a role model for our Kerrville kids."

Blair and Brooke Harber

Blair Harber, 13, and Brooke Harber, 11, were staying in a cabin with their grandparents along the river when the floods began, the sisters' Dallas church, St. Rita Catholic Community, confirmed, according to multiple outlets.

• Blair was preparing to enter eighth grade, and Brooke would have entered sixth grade at St. Rita Catholic School.

Renee Smajstrla

The 9-year-old was identified by her uncle as one of the Camp Mystic attendees who went missing and whose body has since been recovered.

• "We are thankful she was with her friends and having the time of her life, as evidenced by this picture from yesterday. She will forever be living her best life at Camp Mystic," Shawn Salta wrote on Facebook.

Sarah Marsh

The 8-year-old Mountain Brook, Alabama, girl was attending Camp Mystic, per the city's mayor.

• "This is an unimaginable loss for her family, her school, and our entire community. Sarah's passing is a sorrow shared by all of us, and our hearts are with those who knew and loved her, " Mountain Brook Mayor Stewart Welch wrote in a Facebook post.

Janie Hunt

The 9-year-old girl's family confirmed to KXAS-TV reporter Keenan Willard that she had died in the floods while at Camp Mystic.

Lila Bonner

Lila Bonner's family confirmed the girl, 9, had died.

• "In the midst of our unimaginable grief, we ask for privacy and are unable to confirm any details at this time. We ache with all who loved her," the girl's family said in a statement to KXAS-TV.

Dick Eastland

The longtime director of Camp Mystic was among the victims, with reports that he died while working to get girls to safety.

• Eastland, who attended the University of Texas, was at Camp Mystic since 1974 and was part of a third generation of a family managing the camp, per its website.
• Paige Sumner, a longtime friend, described Eastland as a "father figure" to everyone away from home at camp.
• "He was the father of four amazing boys, but he had hundreds of girls each term who looked up to him like a dad," Sumner wrote for the Kerrville Daily Times.

Jane Ragsdale

The beloved co-owner and director of Heart O' the Hills camp was killed in floods, according to a statement posted on the camp's website.

• "We at the camp are stunned and deeply saddened by Jane's death. She embodied the spirit of Heart O' the Hills and was exactly the type of strong, joyful woman that the camp aimed to develop with the girls entrusted to us each summer."
• The girls' camp opened in 1953. There were no campers at the time of the floods.

Julian Ryan

Julian Ryan, 27, "died a hero," his family told KHOU-TV in Houston.

• Ryan's fiancée told the station water quickly entered their home near the Guadalupe River. Ryan punched out a window to get his family out, she said, but he was ultimately unable to make it out.
• "Julian was a cherished son and devoted parent and fiancé who was dedicated to his family. He was known to have an infectious laugh and unwavering kindness," according to a GoFundMe account raising money for his family.
• "He touched countless lives with his humor and will be deeply missed by everyone who had the privilege of knowing him."

Katheryn Eads

Eads went missing and was later found dead while her husband survived, per the Washington Post.

• Amy Hutchinson, the owner and director of Olive Branch Counseling and Training in Texas, told the Post that Eads had previously worked at the company.
• "Katheryn was a hope and a light to all who knew her," she said in an email to The Post. "A daughter, a wife, a mother, grandmother, friend and colleague. She was a stellar counselor and professor and she simply just made everything better. Katheryn was changing lives."

Editor's note: This story has been updated with additional information.

More than two dozen kids from the all-girls private camp, Camp Mystic, remained missing as of Saturday after catastrophic floods hit the area on Friday.

The big picture: In the days since the flooding began on the Guadalupe River, the identities of several campers who died have been released.

Here's what we know about the camp:

What have authorities said about the missing campers?

Roughly 700 kids were at the camp when flooding began, according to Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick.

• As of Saturday, authorities said there were still 27 campers unaccounted for.

Some of the campers who were found dead have been identified by family members.

Where is Camp Mystic?

Camp Mystic is nestled in Texas' Hill Country, along the banks of the Guadalupe River, which on Friday reached the second-highest height on record in the unincorporated community of Hunt.

• The campsite is surrounded by cypress, live oak and pecan trees, per the camp's website.

What is the history of Camp Mystic?

Flashback: Founded in 1926 by University of Texas coach Edward James "Doc" Stewart, Camp Mystic is a nondenominational Christian camp for girls who have finished second grade.

• It was purchased by another family in 1939 and has been operated by descendants since, per its website.
• "In the Mystic spirit, their goals are to boost every camper's self-confidence and to nurture the development of their individual character," the website says of the current owners, Dick and Tweety Eastland.

Zoom in: Camp Mystic offers over 30 activities, including many sports, arts and crafts, theater and more.

• The camp offers two 4-week terms starting in May and a 2-week term in late July.

What we're watching: Authorities continue search and rescue efforts.

Go deeper:

• What we know about the Texas flooding victims
• At least 27 people killed in Central Texas floods

Editor's note: This story has been updated with the latest details on missing campers and flooding.

Flash flooding in Texas has led to at least 68 deaths in Kerr County, Texas, after severe weather inundated central parts of the region, including the Camp Mystic summer camp, where some campers remained missing Sunday.

The big picture: Across the state, around 80 people have been reported killed in the catastrophic flooding that began early Friday on the Guadalupe River, in an area about 65 miles northwest of San Antonio.

The latest: The National Weather Service issued a flash flood warning through 6:30pm, Kerr County noted on Facebook. "Tributaries of the Guadalupe River north of Ingram and Kerrville will contain a quick rise in water that will eventually add up to 2 feet of a rise along the Guadalupe River from Ingram to just downstream from Kerrville," it said.

• Kerr County Sheriff Larry Leitha said at a Sunday afternoon briefing 40 adults and 28 children were confirmed to have died in flooding in the county.

Zoom in: Texas Gov. Greg Abbott said at a Sunday news conference that 41 people were confirmed missing, but he noted there were others unaccounted for who are not on the known missing list.

• At least five people died in Travis County, home to Austin, and three others were confirmed dead in Burnet County, to the city's northwest.
• Two deaths were confirmed in Kendall County and officials in Williamson and Tom Green counties each confirmed one death.

What's happening: The Texas Rangers were collecting DNA samples to identify those recovered and will have answers in hours, said Freeman Martin, the director of the Texas Department of Public Safety, at the Sunday press conference.

• President Trump on Sunday announced he signed a major disaster declaration for the county, adding federal officials were coordinating with state and local authorities amid the ongoing search efforts.
• He told reporters he would visit the disaster area, "probably on Friday."

In Kerr County, 11 campers and one counselor from Camp Mystic, a private girls' camp along the Guadalupe River, were unaccounted for.

• Abbott said what he saw on his visit to the camp was "nothing short of horrific."
• He added, "we will remain 100% dedicated searching for every single one of the children who were at Camp Mystic, as well as anybody else."

Situation report: The identities of the dead are beginning to trickle out, including campers at Camp Mystic.

• Dick Eastland, the director of the camp, was among those who died in the flood.
• Rep. Joaquin Castro (D-Texas) said on CNN's "State of the Union" Sunday that the effort to locate the missing campers "is intense," noting that the state and other localities have sent resources to the area.
• That process will become more difficult if the water starts to rise again, he told CNN's Dana Bash, but he estimated there are "hundreds and hundreds of folks" searching.

What they're saying: At a funeral home on Saturday, "I got to see first-hand many of the body bags, and it breaks my heart," Kerr County Judge Rob Kelly said at a press conference in Kerrville, Texas.

Pope Leo, the first American pontiff, on Sunday offered his condolences "to all the families who have lost loved ones — in particular their daughters who were at summer camp" during the flooding.

• "We pray for them," he said.

Between the lines: In response to a question about why more people weren't warned ahead of time about flooding risk, U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security Kristi Noem said at the press conference in Texas, "Everybody wants more warning time, which is why we're trying to upgrade the technology that has been neglected for far too long."

Zoom out: The rain continues to fall — nearly 18 inches of rain had fallen by Saturday afternoon in an area to Austin's northwest in the previous 24 hours.

• The rainfall numbers are "unbelievable," Avery Tomasco, a meteorologist with CBS News, said on air, describing the storm as a "rain bomb."

Meanwhile, the Lower Colorado River Authority has launched flood operations at its dams to manage the water flowing through Austin.

• As of Saturday afternoon, Lake Travis, one of the chief reservoirs in central Texas, had jumped 13 feet in the previous 24 hours.

Editor's note: This is a developing story and has been updated with new information.

For the first time since President Kennedy's assassination nearly 62 years ago, the CIA has tacitly admitted that an officer specializing in psychological warfare ran an operation that came into contact with Lee Harvey Oswald before the Dallas killing.

Why it matters: The disclosure Thursday — nestled in a batch of 40 documents concerning officer George Joannides — indicates the CIA lied for decades about his role in the Kennedy case before and after the assassination, according to experts on JFK's slaying.

• The linchpin document: A Jan. 17, 1963, CIA memo showing Joannides was directed to have an alias and fake driver's license bearing the name "Howard Gebler."
• Until Thursday, the agency had denied that Joannides was known as "Howard," the case officer name for the CIA contact who worked with activists from an anti-communist group opposed to Cuban dictator Fidel Castro called the Cuban Student Directorate.
• For decades, the agency also falsely said it had nothing to do with the student group, which was instrumental in having Oswald's pro-Castro stances published soon after the shooting.

The bottom line: "The cover story for Joannides is officially dead," said Jefferson Morley, an author and expert on the assassination. "This is a big deal. The CIA is changing its tune on Lee Harvey Oswald."

• The information comes to light as part of President Trump's order that the government meet its obligations to disclose all documents under the JFK Records Act of 1992.
• Little was known of Joannides' involvement in the case until disclosures in 1998 under the records act. New disclosures of previously hidden records keep adding slices of information to the story.

Zoom in: Joannides was the deputy chief of the CIA's Miami branch, overseeing "all aspects of political action and psychological warfare." That included covertly funding and directing the Cuban student group, commonly referred to as DRE for its Spanish-language initials.

• On Aug. 9, 1963, more than three months before Nov. 22 assassination, four DRE operatives got into a scuffle with Oswald in New Orleans when he was passing out pro-Castro "Fair Play for Cuba Committee" pamphlets. The subsequent court hearing was covered by local news media.
• On Aug. 21 , 1963, Oswald debated DRE activists on local TV, providing more media attention to him as a communist.
• After the assassination, DRE's newsletter identified Oswald as a pro-Castro communist, and the Miami Herald and Washington Post covered the story.
• A year before Oswald became known as pro-Castro, the Pentagon formulated a plan called Operation Northwoods to stage a false-flag attack in the United States, blame Cuba and then attack it.

Zoom out: The new documents don't shed any additional light on Kennedy's shooting or settle the controversy over whether Oswald acted alone. Nor is there any evidence showing why the CIA covered up Joannides' ties to DRE.

• All the records disclosed so far show how the CIA lied about financing or being involved with DRE. That includes the agency's interactions with the Warren Commission (1964), the Church Committee (1975), the House Select Committee on Assassinations (1977-78) and the Assassination Review Board (until 1998).

The intrigue: Joannides didn't just have knowledge of Oswald before the assassination — afterward he played a central role in deceiving the House Select Committee on Assassinations.

• At the time, the CIA appointed Joannides to be its liaison with the committee. But he and the agency hid the fact that he was involved with DRE and therefore the Kennedy case, slow-walked the CIA's production of records, and lied.
• The committee's chief counsel, Robert Blakey, testified in 2014 that he asked Joannides about "Howard" and DRE, and that "Joannides assured me that they could find no record of any such officer assigned to DRE, but that he would keep looking," Blakey said.
• A former committee investigator, Dan Hardway, testified before a House Oversight committee last month that Joannides was running a "covert operation" to undermine the congressional probe into the assassination.
• Two years after stonewalling the committee, Joannides was awarded the Career Intelligence Medal by the CIA in 1981. He died in 1990.

What they're saying: Rep. Anna Paulina Luna, a Florida Republican overseeing the House committee examining the newly released JFK documents, said Joannides was "1,000 percent" involved in a CIA coverup.

• Morley and some others who've written extensively about Kennedy's assassination believe rogue CIA agents might have been involved in the killing, but Morley's not ready to say Joannides was one of them.
• Others, such as author Gerald Posner, believe Oswald was the lone gunman. But all are in agreement that the CIA acted in bad faith after Kennedy was killed.
• "It's vintage CIA. They never provide transparency. They don't tell the truth. They obscure. They obfuscate. And when the documents come out, they look bad," Posner said.
• A CIA spokesperson told Axios the agency "has fully complied and provided all documents — without redactions — related to the assassination of former President John F. Kennedy to NARA consistent with President Trump's direction in an unprecedented act of transparency by the agency."

What's next: Morley and Luna say CIA Director John Ratcliffe and National Intelligence Director Tulsi Gabbard deserve credit for demanding more transparency. So expect more records.

The MAGA movement is reveling in the creativity, severity and accelerating force of President Trump's historic immigration crackdown.

Why it matters: Once-fringe tactics — an alligator-moated detention camp, deportations to war zones, denaturalization of immigrant citizens — are now being proudly embraced at the highest levels of the U.S. government.

• It's an extraordinary shift from Trump's first term, when nationwide backlash and the appearance of cruelty forced the administration to abandon its family separation policy for unauthorized immigrants.
• Six months into his second term — and with tens of billions of dollars in new funding soon flowing to ICE — Trump is only just beginning to scale up his mass deportation machine.

Driving the news: Trump on Tuesday toured a temporary ICE facility in the Florida Everglades dubbed "Alligator Alcatraz," where thousands of migrants will be detained in a remote, marshland environment teeming with predators.

• MAGA influencers invited on the trip gleefully posted photos of the prison's cages and souvenir-style "merchandise," thrilling their followers and horrifying critics.
• Pro-Trump activist Laura Loomer drew outrage after tweeting that "alligators are guaranteed at least 65 million meals if we get started now" — widely interpreted as a reference to the Hispanic population of the United States.

The big picture: Citing the millions of unauthorized immigrants who crossed the border under President Biden, Trump and his MAGA allies have framed the second-term crackdown as a long-overdue purge.

• The result is an increasingly draconian set of enforcement measures designed to deter, expel and make examples out of unauthorized immigrants.
• Some newer members of the MAGA coalition, such as podcaster Joe Rogan, have expressed deep discomfort with the targeting of non-criminal undocumented immigrants.

Zoom in: Trump's deportation efforts exploded into a full-blown spectacle in March, when the U.S. flew hundreds of alleged gang members to a notorious mega-prison in El Salvador.

• The operation was captured in glitzy promotional footage, distributed on official White House social media, that showed shaved and shackled migrants being marched off planes and busses at gunpoint.
• Kilmar Ábrego García, a Maryland man who was mistakenly deported to El Salvador but brought back to face human trafficking charges in the U.S., claims he suffered "severe beatings" and was tortured in the prison.

Zoom out: Trump's immigration toolkit has expanded since March, as his aides push for a dramatically higher pace of arrests and deportations.

• Trump federalized the National Guard in California and deployed troops in Los Angeles to protect federal ICE agents, giving the military a rare and highly contentious role in immigration raids.
• The Supreme Court has allowed the Trump administration to deport undocumented immigrants to non-origin countries — including war torn nations such as South Sudan and Libya.
• Hundreds of migrants are being held at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. This week, Trump claimed that "conceptual work" is underway to reopen Alcatraz — the decrepit former island prison in San Francisco, now a tourist site.

The latest: On Thursday, ICE announced it had arrested and was preparing to deport Mexican boxer Julio César Chávez Jr. — accusing him of cartel ties just days after he headlined an arena against influencer Jake Paul.

What to watch: Denaturalization of U.S. citizens — once a legal backwater — is gaining traction as Trump and his MAGA allies push the envelope on nativist rhetoric.

• The Justice Department has begun prioritizing stripping naturalized Americans of their citizenship when they're charged with crimes and "illegally procured or misrepresented facts in the naturalization process."
• But some MAGA influencers are pushing to weaponize denaturalization more broadly — not just as a legal remedy for fraud, but as a tool to punish ideological opponents.

Rep. Andy Ogles (R-Tenn.) has called for the Justice Department to investigate the Democratic nominee for mayor of New York City, Zohran Mamdani, who was born in Uganda and became a U.S. citizen in 2018.

• Trump has echoed false claims about Mamdani being in the country "illegally," and threatened to arrest the democratic socialist if he impedes federal immigration operations in New York.

Between the lines: For MAGA influencers obsessed with the notion of protecting Western civilization, denaturalization is also about enforcing cultural loyalty.

• Prominent voices on the right have argued that immigrants who haven't properly "assimilated" — by their definition — should be vulnerable to losing their citizenship.
• "The MAGA movement is willing to make examples of the people who have failed to [assimilate] so that in the future, the bar is set higher," said Raheem Kassam, editor of The National Pulse.

The bottom line: MAGA is leveraging a precedent-busting president to set a new standard for immigration enforcement — one that could define Republican policy for years to come.

• "We expect you to enforce, in full measure, the immigration laws," the Conservative Partnership Institute's Rachel Bovard told Axios.
• "Anything that departs from this, to some extent, is going to be viewed as backsliding by the next president."

It's not food, it's not chewing tobacco and it's not gum — though it might look like it when you see it — but it is becoming America's new addictive obsession.

Why it matters: Sales of Zyn nicotine pouches are soaring, prompting the tobacco company that makes them to scramble to boost U.S. production to meet demand.

The big picture: People are popping nicotine pouches into their mouths at games, at the movies, at the workplace, at home, at the store — it's America's new addictive habit.

• Celebrity Josh Brolin even admitted to using it while sleeping (which is not recommended).

How it works: Zyn pouches are placed between the gum and lip, gradually releasing nicotine over time.

• The pouches are discreet and don't produce smoke or odors like cigarettes.

Threat level: The product is addictive because nicotine is addictive.

• But it does not cause cancer since it doesn't contain tobacco, whose harmful chemicals are carcinogenic. As a result, advocates say nicotine pouches can serve as a safer alternative to smoking.
• Philip Morris International U.S. CEO Stacey Kennedy argued that nicotine is "misunderstood" and contains "cognitive benefits."
• "You have to be able to separate out the misconceptions of what causes harm — and nicotine is probably one of the most misunderstood compounds, because many people believe that nicotine is responsible for smoking-related disease, and it's not," Kennedy said in an interview.

Yes, but: Tobacco industry watchdogs say products that contain nicotine, such as pouches and e-cigarettes, can serve as a gateway to smoking, especially for teens.

• "Tobacco companies have a long history of lying to Congress and the public about the addictiveness of nicotine, so they're not a credible source of information about nicotine," Yolonda C. Richardson, CEO of the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, told Axios in an email.
• "While those who smoke heavily and have been unable to quit may potentially benefit from switching completely to nicotine pouches, there is a concern that they may appeal to adolescents and other new users of nicotine, particularly through the way they are featured in advertisements," according to a synopsis of a Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health study.

By the numbers: U.S. shipments of Zyn pouches rose 177% from the first quarter of 2023 to the first quarter of 2025.

• The company got 42% of its revenue from smoke-free products in Q1 2025 as it pursues its goal of one day ending cigarette sales — a stated objective that critics say is hollow given that smokers continue to deliver substantial revenue.
• PMI — which sells cigarettes outside of the U.S. but does not sell them here — still gets a majority of its revenue from smokers, but that's likely to flip soon as Zyn sales continue to grow. (PMI split off from Philip Morris USA owner Altria Group in 2008. Their deal called for Altria to sell Marlboro cigarettes in the U.S., while Philip Morris International would sell them in other markets.)

State of play: Sales could accelerate further after the FDA, in the final days of the Biden administration, authorized the marketing of 20 Zyn products following an extensive scientific review.

• Matthew Farrelly, director of the Office of Science in the FDA's Center for Tobacco Products, noted in the FDA's announcement about Zyn's marketing approval that "the data show that these nicotine pouch products" are "benefiting adults who use cigarettes and/or smokeless tobacco products and completely switch to these products."
• Now the company is adding a $600 million plant in Aurora, Colorado, to boost production.

The big question: Will the Trump administration be friendly to nicotine pouches?

• So far the new leadership at the Department of Health and Human Services and the FDA have said little about their approach to tobacco and nicotine product regulation.
• An HHS spokesperson recently told Axios that the FDA's "position is centered on reducing the harm caused by nicotine addiction — particularly through combustible tobacco products like cigarettes — while exploring strategies to make less harmful alternatives available to adults who are trying to quit smoking."
• "Nicotine itself, while addictive, is not the primary cause of smoking-related disease and death. Those are caused by the thousands of harmful chemicals in combustible tobacco," the spokesperson said.
• The FDA is "working to reduce nicotine levels in cigarettes to minimally addictive or non-addictive levels, aiming to prevent youth initiation and help current smokers quit."

The bottom line: Once you become aware of nicotine pouches, you'll start to spot people using them.

Go deeper.

President Trump said the U.S. will begin sending letters Monday to other countries setting a tariff rate on their imports.

Why it matters: After months of threats, Trump is abruptly re-escalating the trade war.

• For businesses craving certainty, who've had a period of relative calm of late, the move could once again upset that balance.
• It also injects a new risk into financial markets that have largely moved on to a post-tariff world. European stocks, and U.S. stock futures, fell Friday as Trump warned the letters were coming.

Catch up quick: Trump told reporters late Friday aboard Air Force One that about a dozen letters would go out Monday.

• He didn't say which nations would be targeted, or what rates would be set.
• On Thursday, he said the rates in the letters would go into effect August 1 — and warned some could be as high as 70%.

Yes, but: The administration has used a similar tactic before — taking an aggressive posture on coming tariffs, but with a deadline just far enough out that trading partners could still bring last-minute offers the president would be willing to accept.

• Reports in recent days suggest multiple trading partners, including South Korea and Thailand, are scrambling to do just that.

Flashback: Trump set a new regime of sweeping global tariffs on April 2, only to pause much of it a week later.

• At that time, his administration promised 90 trade days in 90 days. Through the first 85 days, it made three — with the UK, China and Vietnam.
• In mid-May, Trump began indicating deals weren't really necessary, because the U.S. would simply send letters to trading partners in subsequent days setting a rate.
• He made the same threat again in mid-June, and once more late in the month, noting he preferred the letters as a simpler solution than complex talks with dozens of countries.

Between the lines: Though the tariff pause is due to expire July 9, some countries, like China and Canada, have separate deadlines later in the month or next month.

• Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent has indicated the deadlines are fungible and the goal is to be done with trade deals by Labor Day.

What we're watching: It's not clear how aggressive Trump intends to be with these new tariff rates.

• The Vietnam deal, for example, included a 20% rate — double the global baseline Trump imposed, but less than half what the country originally faced in April.

Authorities say 24 people died and between 23 and 25 children are missing from a girls camp after severe flash floods in Central Texas.

The big picture: The catastrophic flooding happened early Friday morning in an area about 65 miles northwest of San Antonio after the Guadalupe River surged following heavy rainfall.

The latest: Kerr County Sheriff Larry Leitha said during a news conference Friday night that 24 people were confirmed dead.

• Officials said more than 230 people were rescued or evacuated, most by helicopter, throughout Friday.

Zoom in: The river surged to as high 26 feet in just 45 minutes and reached nearly 30 feet in some areas, washing out roads, authorities said.

• "The amount of rain that fell in this specific location was never" in any forecasts, said chief Nim Kidd of the Texas Division of Emergency Management.
• The floods came so fast even an emergency vehicle was swept away, officials said.

Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick said during a news conference Friday afternoon that Camp Mystic had more than 700 kids and began evacuating overnight.

What they're saying: "Rest assured, no one knew this kind of flood was coming. This is the most dangerous river valley in the United States," Kerry County Judge Rob Kelly said when asked why campsites weren't evacuated Thursday night.

• Patrick said officials would do "everything humanly possible" to find the missing girls, adding Texas officials have been in touch with the White House.
• Gov. Greg Abbott, who on Friday night declared a state of disaster, called the event an "extraordinary catastrophe" and vowed to continue providing resources until everyone is accounted for.

Editor's note: This is a developing story and has been updated with new information.

President Trump on Friday signed his signature tax and spending legislation, the "big beautiful bill," into law, meeting a July 4 deadline that at times appeared out of reach.

Why it matters: It's a huge achievement for Trump and congressional Republicans that will reshape federal fiscal policy for years to come. The megabill cuts funding for social safety measures, extends tax cuts —primarily for the wealthy — and finances Trump's immigration agenda.

Driving the news: Trump signed the measure as part of a highly staged White House Independence Day celebration featuring a bomber jet flyover and the annual fireworks on the National Mall.

What they're saying: Trump called the bill "the greatest victory yet" while addressing a crowd at the White House in a speech saying his administration has kept its promises.

• "This is the single most popular bill ever signed," he said despite polls showing it's deeply unpopular.
• He also praised the Iran mission and "unmatched" military, which he talked about rebuilding and modernizing.

Catch up quick: The House narrowly cleared the bill for Trump's signature Thursday after it passed the Senate two days earlier.

• Both moderate and conservative House Republicans called for adjustments to the bill after the Senate made changes, but none were made before the final vote.

State of play: The legislation slashes food and health benefits for the poorest Americans, which could lead to overcrowded emergency rooms, an increase in chronic health care issues, more medical debt and ballooning hunger.

• Meanwhile, it boosts funding for immigration enforcement, allowing the administration to approximately double immigrant detention capacity and hire significantly more enforcement personnel.

Behind the scenes: Polling from throughout June showed that Americans largely disapprove of the megabill.

• Ahead of midterm elections, Republicans plan to message their legislative victory by branding Democrats' opposition as voting to raise taxes on small businesses and American families.
• Democrats have their own campaign planned based around their opposition to the bill, which they're planning to make a centerpiece of their strategy for taking back the House in 2026.

Go deeper:

• Where SNAP cuts in Trump's "Big Beautiful Bill" could hit Americans hardest
• How the GOP spending bill will fund immigration enforcement
• "Big, beautiful bill" pushes millions of people away from social safety net