The CIA monitored Mexican American and Puerto Rican civil rights activists fighting for equal education and to honor the late Martin Luther King, Jr., — and against police brutality and the Vietnam War, newly released CIA documents show.

Why it matters: The documents confirm Latino civil rights pioneers' long-held suspicions that the federal government was monitoring — even disrupting — their activities.

• The documents from 1968 to 1983 were released in late December deep on the CIA's website at the request of Reps. Joaquin Castro (D-TX) and Jimmy Gomez (D-CA).

The big picture: The cache of documents gives a glimpse into how the CIA viewed activists' work as threats.

• That includes Denver-based activist Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales and farmworker union leader Cesar Chavez.
• Documents also show how the CIA sought to keep tabs on Mexican American student activists in Arizona, California and Colorado, even having undercover agents infiltrate student groups.
• The documents primarily relate to Operation CHAOS — a CIA domestic espionage project targeting American citizens that operated under former Presidents Johnson and Nixon.

Zoom in: The CIA kept close tabs on Gonzales, a leader in the radical Chicano Movement of the 1970s, as he pressed for equal rights and called for "the potential formation of independent local, regional, and national Chicano political parties," documents show.

• Like the Black Power Movement, the Chicano Movement focused on racial pride, nationalism and fighting poverty.
• The CIA also was monitoring if Chavez would attend demonstrations organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in New York City on the 3rd anniversary of King's 1968 assassination.
• The CIA was following Salvatore H. Castro, a teacher and advisor in the 1968 Los Angeles high school walkouts over discrimination.
• The agency also tracked members of the Brown Berets, a Chicano militant group.

Documents show the CIA and the University of Arizona had an agreement to monitor students apparently making demands for Mexican American studies classes.

• University of Arizona spokesman Mieczyslaw J. "Mitch" Zak did not immediately have a comment about the newly released documents after Axios sent him a link.

What they're saying: "This document release is an important window into the government's efforts to surveil and disrupt peaceful Latino organizing in the 1960s and 1970s," Castro said in a statement to Axios.

• Castro praised CIA director William J. Burns for the transparency.
• "I'm hopeful that these documents will help us build a better record of past overreach and establish stronger guardrails to protect against unwarranted surveillance in the future."

Yes, but: The FBI has not released any documents on Latino civil rights leaders as requested by Castro.

Between the lines: Historians in recent years have uncovered quite a bit about FBI surveillance of Latino leaders through open records requests, Brian Behnken, an Iowa State University history professor, tells Axios.

• The FBI monitored the works of civil rights leader Héctor P. García; the New York-based Puerto Rican Young Lords Party; and later the activities of the Chicano Movement.
• Works by scholars and activists over the years have also uncovered that the FBI has monitored Chicano Movement leaders Gonzales, Reies López Tijerina, José Angel Gutiérrez, and Dolores Huerta.

Little was known about how active the CIA was involved in monitoring Latino civil rights groups and leaders.

• Some Latino leaders and their families may not even know about the FBI files and wouldn't know they needed to file open records requests.

The intrigue: Castro's mother, Rosie Castro, was monitored by the FBI for her activities in the Chicano Movement, files show.

• An FBI informant noted that Rosie Castro "was observed buying two small posters of Angela Davis for 50 cents each, which were mentioned by Rosie Castro as having been printed in Cuba," the San Antonio Express-News reports.

Four years after President-elect Trump's supporters stormed the Capitol, Congress on Monday peacefully certified his 2024 victory with Vice President Harris overseeing her own loss.

The big picture: Though the electoral college certification proceeded peacefully, local law enforcement stepped up security around the U.S. Capitol out of an abundance of caution.

• Trump has repeatedly said pardoning the Jan. 6, 2021, rioters is something he will consider on his first day back in the Oval Office.
• Many prominent Republicans have followed Trump's lead in the four years since the attack to downplay the violence of the day.

Driving the news: In a stark juxtaposition from the certification of the 2020 election, there were no disturbances or objections during Monday's joint session of Congress.

• Trump and Vice President-elect JD Vance, who was present at Monday's certification, won the election with 312 electoral votes to Harris and Gov. Tim Walz's 226 votes.
• The whole count took roughly 30 minutes.
• Trump had called the certification "A BIG MOMENT IN HISTORY" in a Truth Social post before the process began.

Zoom out: In response to Trump's efforts to overturn the 2020 election results, Congress passed legislation to reform an 1887 law that determined how presidential elections are certified.

• The Electoral Count Reform Act of 2022 made it more difficult to contest electors and clarified the vice president's role in the counting as purely ceremonial among other changes.

Go deeper: Johnson, Jeffries duel over certifying 2024 election

Elon Musk wants his crusade to radically slash federal spending to resemble what is underway in Argentina, where the leader's name is now synonymous with drastic budget cuts.

Why it matters: Musk previewed last month how influential he might be on Trump-era fiscal matters.

• His admiration of the "chainsaw-like" approach in Argentina shows how hard he could push to axe the size of America's government — maybe with some success.

What they're saying: "The example you are setting with Argentina will be a helpful model for the rest of the world," Musk told Argentine President Javier Milei in an exchange on social media platform X.

• Vivek Ramaswamy, tapped by President-elect Trump to lead the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) alongside Musk, said late last year: "A reasonable formula to fix the U.S. government: Milei-style cuts, on steroids."

The big picture: The U.S. fiscal situation is starkly different from that of Argentina, a nation prone to financial and economic crises stemming from government overspending and sovereign debt defaults.

• Milei, a self-described "anarcho-capitalist," has been cheered by U.S. right-wing politicians who see his rise as an example of Trump-like populism spreading beyond America's shores.
• Most appealing to Musk and others might be how the eccentric economist — known to pose with a chainsaw to signal his affinity for spending cuts — has defied global naysayers with unconventional policies that look successful.

"Milei has changed the conversation about economic policy — not only in Argentina, but I think maybe a little bit more generally, too," Steve Hanke, a Johns Hopkins University professor who advised Argentina's economic officials in the 1990s, tells Axios.

• "But there is a tremendous amount of low-hanging fruit to pick in Argentina — it's just a different system," Hanke adds.

Between the lines: Milei cut government spending by about 30%, roughly in line with the share of spending DOGE wants to eliminate in the U.S.

• But spending cuts in Argentina happened in a very different context. Milei's austerity measures aimed to arrest double-digit inflation after years of failed economic reforms.

"There's a real sense of urgency in Argentina, that something dramatic has to be done to save them from the abyss," Cato Institute's Johan Norberg, who interviewed Musk and Milei in Buenos Aires last year, tells Axios.

• "Musk almost single-handedly has shifted the debate in the U.S. — suddenly there is a discussion about spending and whether things can be reformed," Norberg says.
• "That doesn't mean there is a popular mandate to do it, because I'm not sure that sense of urgency is there."

Milei laid off thousands of federal workers, scrapped many of the subsidies supporting Argentinians, eliminated government agencies and halted public works projects.

• Inflation has plunged as a result of Milei's shock therapy: In November, it was 2.4%, well below the 25% when he took office.

Yes, but: Milei's shock therapy comes at a steep cost to the real economy. Poverty rates last year soared to the highest in 20 years, according to the government's statistics agency.

Much of Milei's economic shock therapy was done via executive orders, though legislation ultimately passed to support his efforts.

The other side: DOGE is not a government agency. It's akin to an advisory council with no official power — and no guarantee Congress will take up the group's spending cut plans.

• Cutting $2 trillion in spending would likely require cuts to politically popular programs. The downside impact might be a hit to economic activity.

The intrigue: Trump, who campaigned on policies that would increase spending, might be the biggest roadblock to DOGE's efforts.

• Over the weekend, Trump urged Congress to pass a bill that would — among other things — renew his first-term tax cuts, secure the border and remove taxes on tips.

Flashback: Previous efforts to crack down on government spending accomplished little. The Reagan administration created the Grace Commission, which similarly aimed to eliminate waste and inefficiency.

• Congress ignored most of the recommendations by the group, which was led by and named after industrialist Peter Grace.
• "Businessmen think they can go into the public sector and use business techniques to right the ship and make it efficient," says Hanke, who worked with the group as part of his role as an economist with Reagan's Council of Economic Advisors.
• Of the Grace Commission, Hanke says: "We didn't really accomplish very much."

Congress is expected to certify President-elect Trump's 2024 election win on Monday, four years after his supporters stormed the Capitol to protest the certification of President Biden's 2020 win.

Why it matters: Snowstorm aside, the scene at the Capitol is markedly different this time, with heightened security precautions in response to an escalated threat environment.

• Vice President Harris, who lost to Trump, will preside over the joint session of Congress in Washington, D.C.

State of play: This year, the presidential vote certification was elevated to a "National Special Security Event" for the first time ever.

• The FBI and police heightened security measures in Washington, D.C., starting Monday through Trump's inauguration.
• Recent incidents in New Orleans and Las Vegas added to existing concerns about security threats in D.C.

Between the lines: Denying the results of the 2020 election has become mainstream within the GOP. This year, 137 election deniers will serve in the House and 20 in the Senate, according to a States United Action count.

• In a stunning twist, an AP-NORC poll released last week found a majority of Republicans now feel confident the 2024 election results were tabulated accurately.

Here's a look at the split screen of the day in 2021 and 2025:

Steps of the Capitol

Law enforcement

Surrounding the Capitol

Go deeper:

• FBI shares new details of suspect in D.C. pipe bombs plant on Jan. 6 eve
• Biden: Jan. 6 is a reminder that democracy "is never guaranteed"
• Trump says he will look at pardoning Jan. 6 defendants on first day in office

President Biden has signed a bill designating the Jackie Robinson Ballpark in Daytona Beach, Florida, a commemorative site and part of the African American Civil Rights Network.

Why it matters: The move means the oldest stadium in use in the minor leagues, where Robinson made history, is getting closer to being possibly designated a National Historic Landmark.

The big picture: Robinson first suited up for the Triple-A Montreal Royals at the ballpark on March 17, 1946, making him the first Black American to play in modern white organized baseball.

• After a season with the Royals, Robinson was called up to the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, breaking the modern-day color line in Major League Baseball.
• The ballpark opened in 1914 and is already on the list of the National Registry of Historic Places.

Zoom in: Under the bill signed Saturday, the incoming Secretary of the Interior will conduct a study to evaluate its significance and the feasibility of designating it as a National Historic Landmark.

• The designation will give it access to more federal funds for preservation and restoration.
• Jackie Robinson Ballpark is currently home to the Single-A Daytona Tortugas and Bethune-Cookman University baseball.

Flashback: Dodgers general manager Branch Rickey chose Daytona Beach as the Dodgers' spring training site because it had fewer discrimination problems than other Florida cities.

• The city had Black bus drivers and a sizable Black middle class — something Rickey felt Robinson needed to feel comfortable in the early days ahead of the discrimination he would later face.

Yes, but: Newlyweds Jackie and Rachel Robinson were bumped off two flights from Los Angeles to Florida to allow white passengers to have their seats, Rachel Robinson told NPR in 2010.

• Before arriving at the spring training site, the couple had to sit on the back of the bus on their trip from Pensacola to Jacksonville, Florida, because of segregation.

Zoom out: Robinson was the 1947 Rookie of the Year and 1949 MVP. His MLB ranks across his first seven seasons: stolen bases (1st), runs (2nd), hits (2nd), WAR (2nd), batting average (4th).

• His courage paved the way for Black athletes across all sports.
• Robinson was friends with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and spent his post-playing career as a civil rights activist.

Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau resigned from his position as the leader of the Liberal Party on Monday.

Why it matters: The world's leading democracies are facing growing instability. Look to Germany, where Chancellor Olaf Scholz lost a confidence vote in parliament, or the unprecedented government collapse in France.

• His resignation came as polls indicated that the Liberal Party was set to be trounced by the opposition Conservative Party in the upcoming election, expected in or before October, Reuters reported.
• Trudeau's decision to leave the post amid his government's deepening unpopularity is a far cry from the popularity he enjoyed when he became prime minister, when polls showed he boasted approval ratings above 60%.
• Trudeau noted that the Canadian parliament will be prorogued — essentially, suspended — until March 24 while a new leader is chosen. He said it was "time for a reset."

Driving the news: "I intend to resign as party leader, as prime minister, after the party selects its next leader through a robust nationwide, competitive process," Trudeau announced at a press conference in Ottawa Monday.

• "It has become clear to me that if I'm having to fight internal battles, I cannot be the best option" in the next election, he added.
• "I've been inspired by the resilience, generosity and the determination of Canadians," Trudeau said.
• Trudeau also slammed Conservative opposition leader Pierre Poilievre's vision for Canada as "not the right one" for the country.

State of play: Trudeau has been the leader of Canada's Liberal Party for 11 years and the country's prime minister for nine.

• Recent polling has put the Liberals at a mere 16% support among decided and leaning voters.
• Trudeau's resignation also comes as members of the Liberal party are set to hold an emergency meeting Wednesday, per Reuters.

Between the lines: Trudeau's government has been running on fumes ahead of the elections.

• The prime minister is unpopular among many in Canada, especially as the cost of living has risen across the country and public concern has grown over immigration.

Another blow to Trudeau's future came last month when multiple members of his Cabinet resigned.

• Chrystia Freeland, Canada's former finance minister and deputy prime minister, resigned from the Cabinet last month. Freeland said she reached her decision after Trudeau asked her to resign as finance minister and take another Cabinet position.
• Sean Fraser, housing minister, also said last month that he would resign, per the New York Times.

The big picture: Trudeau was facing pressure to call for an election before a scheduled one in October as Canadians reckon with high inflation and President-elect Trump's tariff threat.

• Trump has threatened to impose tariffs on Canada and Mexico due to his concerns about the number of migrants and drugs coming into the U.S., which triggered fears of inflation and a trade war.
• After Trump and Trudeau met in November, Canadian officials have said they're stepping up border security "in a visible and muscular way."
• In her resignation letter, Freeland warned Canada must take the threat of tariffs "extremely seriously." She urged leadership to avoid engaging in "costly political gimmicks," likely in reference to Trudeau's recent policy announcements of a limited-time sales tax break and 250 Canadian dollar rebate for workers, CNN reported.

The intrigue: Justin Trudeau's father, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, also resigned as prime minister in 1984.

What's next: With Trudeau out as party leader, he will remain prime minister until a new leader is chosen. Once a new party leader is selected, that person will become the next prime minister, per the New York Times.

More from Axios:

• America's allies are in trouble
• Canada bolstering border security after Trump talks, Canadian official says
• Trump wildcard paralyzes global central banks

Editor's note: This story has been updated with additional developments.

A major winter storm sweeping much of the U.S. is producing heavy snow and ice as it threatens areas from the Central Plains through Mid-Atlantic — leaving tens of millions under weather alerts Monday.

The big picture: The multi-day storm that's partially tied to the polar vortex prompted governors in Arkansas, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia, to declare states of emergency.

• Washington, D.C., Mayor Muriel Bowser also declared a snow emergency for the nation's capital, which will remain in effect as Congress certifies the results of the 2024 election on Capitol Hill.

The latest: As of around 11:40am ET Monday, more than 307,000 customers were without power across five states, per poweroutage.us.

• More than 112,000 customers reported outages in Virginia alone.

Road conditions are rapidly deteriorating across the southern coalfields and Tri-State Area. GIF #1 is Fry Dr. at US-119 in Logan, WV. GIF #2 is I-64 at Mud River in Cabell County, WV. #wvwx #kywx #vawx #ohwx pic.twitter.com/2yonWXXdST

— NWS Charleston, WV (@NWSCharlestonWV) January 5, 2025

Go deeper: "Major" winter storm ushers in severe Arctic outbreak across U.S.

Editor's note: This article has been updated with more photos and details from the winter storm.

There is a broad-based desire to wrest Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac from federal control once Donald Trump takes office.

Why it matters: These two companies are the backbone of the U.S. housing market — together they support around 70% of U.S. mortgages.

• Messing with their structure poses risk to the economy, and at the very least could raise mortgage rates even further.

State of play: Last week, the Treasury Department and the Federal Housing Finance Agency, which oversees the two companies, released a roadmap for how privatization could work.

• In a sign that investors believe there's a real chance privatization could happen during Trump 2.0, stocks of government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) jumped on the news.
• Mortgage Bankers Association chief lobbyist Bill Killmer told Axios it's highly likely that the issue will at least be examined during the new administration, following several other reports.
• Trump did not address the GSEs during the campaign or since his election. "No policy should be deemed official unless it comes directly from President Trump," Karoline Leavitt, spokeswoman for the transition, said in an email.

Reality check: This roadmap is a memo from a lame-duck administration, and the incoming Trump team could simply reverse it.

• But the idea was to put up some guardrails up so the incoming administration doesn't act too recklessly in getting rid of federal oversight, said Jim Parrott, who was a housing adviser in the Obama administration.
• He describes it as "a good governance move just to make sure that the new guys don't f--k things up too badly."

Zoom in: The roadmap lays out a process for privatization. It requires that the federal government gather public comment before making any moves and that Treasury be involved.

• But it doesn't go into the nitty-gritty details of how the process would work.

The big picture: Any such process would be pretty gnarly.

• Various policymakers and politicians have been trying to do it for years, without success. An effort during the first Trump administration fell short.

Flashback: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac lost over $200 billion after the financial crisis hit in 2008 — vastly more than they had in cash.

• They were the epitome of "too big to fail," so the government bailed them out by lending them billions of dollars they found themselves unable to repay.
• Those debts were eventually restructured in a series of events that ended with the government owning 80% of the companies and having full rights to their profits, whether retained or paid out.
• Common shareholders are left with nothing.

Between the lines: Fannie and Freddie are now very profitable, which means they would be very valuable were they fully public companies where profits flowed to shareholders.

• However, such an action would involve Treasury giving up a valuable asset, while it's still owed an enormous amount of money.
• Its "liquidation preference" — money owed to Treasury after earnings were retained to beef up capital — is $212 billion from Fannie Mae alone.

What's next: Fannie and Freddie both exist to borrow money on the capital markets at a risk-free rate. They can do that at the moment because they are part of the government.

• As private companies, however, without a government guarantee, they would almost certainly lose their triple-A credit rating — and their debt would be considered risky for the purposes of calculating bank capital.
• Both things would make their borrowing costs rise substantially, cutting into their profits. Those higher borrowing costs would then flow through into higher mortgage rates for the general population.

Between the lines: Most housing experts, both liberals and conservatives, say the key to privatization is giving these entities an explicit guarantee of a federal backstop in case things go badly.

• In theory, a procedure called credit risk transfer can achieve this without leaving the government with a multitrillion-dollar contingent liability. In practice, that only increases the costs of GSEs even further.

The bottom line: No one has yet come up with a plan that extracts the GSEs from government control, repays Treasury what it's owed, makes sure the GSEs pose no systemic risk to the financial system, and prevents mortgage rates from rising.

• Probably because such a plan is all but impossible.

Ian Bremmer, in his closely watched annual risk forecast, warns that the world has entered "a uniquely dangerous period of world history, on par with only the 1930s and the early Cold War."

The big picture: "People everywhere are facing heightened geopolitical instability driven by a lack of global leadership," writes Bremmer, the president and founder of Eurasia Group, in its "Top Risks 2025" report.

• "We are heading back to the law of the jungle, where the strongest do what they can, while the weakest are condemned to suffer what they must."

Zoom in: Topping the list out Monday is the arrival of GZERO — the global order "slipping away."

• "No single power or group of powers is willing or able to set a global agenda. It's a world of many pretenders, but no leaders."

The report's other top risks are:

2. The Rule of Don

3. U.S.-China breakdown

4. Trumponomics

5. Russia still rogue

6. Beggar thy world

7. Iran on the ropes

8. Mexican standoff

9. Ungoverned spaces

10. AI unbound

Flashback: Bremmer's group ranked "The United States vs. itself" as the No. 1 risk heading into last year, a nod to the high stakes 2024 election.

Iran's recent nuclear advances give President-elect Trump a crucial decision to make in his first months in office: Try to neutralize the threat through negotiations and pressure, or order a military strike.

Why it matters: Trump's decision in 2018 to withdraw from an Obama-era nuclear deal prompted Tehran to accelerate its nuclear program, such that it's now a de facto "nuclear threshold state." Officials and diplomats from the U.S., EU and Israel all told Axios they expect Trump to face an Iran crisis in 2025.

State of play: Trump and his advisers are planning to quickly return to the "maximum pressure" campaign they conducted against Iran between 2018 and 2020.

Behind the scenes: Several Trump advisers privately concede Iran's program is now so far along that the strategy might not be effective. That makes a military option a real possibility.

• After Israeli Minister of Strategic Affairs Ron Dermer met Trump at Mar-a-Lago in November, Dermer came away thinking there was a high likelihood Trump would either support an Israeli military strike against Iran's nuclear facilities — something the Israelis are seriously considering — or even order a U.S. strike, two sources who spoke with Dermer after the meeting tell Axios.
• Some top advisers to President Biden have privately argued in recent weeks for striking Iran's nuclear sites before Trump takes office, with Iran and its proxies so badly weakened by their war with Israel, sources familiar with those discussions told Axios.
• With Biden now down to his final two weeks, there are no active discussions about bombing Iran.

The flipside: Others close to Trump expect that he'll seek a deal before considering a strike.

• Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said in an interview with Chinese TV last week that Iran is ready to resume negotiations with the U.S. and other world powers to get a new nuclear deal.
• Both sides would have to overcome years of animosity to work toward an agreement. For one thing, U.S. prosecutors accused Tehran of attempting to have Trump killed last year.

What they're saying: "Anything can happen," Trump told Time in November, when asked about the possibility of war with Iran. "It's a very volatile situation."

• "2025 will be an important year regarding Iran's nuclear issue," Araghchi said last week in Beijing.

Driving the news: Despite all of the crises on the global agenda, a senior diplomat who attended a virtual meeting of the G7 countries two weeks ago tells Axios it ended with the conclusion that Iran would be the primary issue to contend with in 2025.

• "Everyone agreed that we will have to do something or there will be a huge crisis," the diplomat said.
• That's not only because Iran has shrunk its nuclear breakout time down to a matter of days, but also because the ability of the Western powers to "snap back" crippling nuclear sanctions on Iran under the 2015 nuclear deal will expire in October.
• That means the U.S. and its European allies would lose much of their economic leverage over Iran, adding urgency to diplomatic efforts in the first half of the year.

Zoom in: Senior diplomats from the E3 (France, Germany and the U.K.) and Iran met in Geneva in late November to discuss the possibility of resuming nuclear negotiations.

• The European diplomats made clear the 2015 nuclear deal is null and void and a new deal would have to address the current status of Iran's nuclear program, a European diplomat and two other sources with knowledge of the meeting tell Axios.
• They also warned they would trigger "snapback" sanctions if a deal isn't reached by summer.
• The Iranians said that in such a scenario, Iran would withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and end all UN inspections and monitoring of its nuclear facilities.

What's next: Another E3-Iran meeting is scheduled for Jan. 13.

What they're saying: "2025 will be an important year regarding Iran's nuclear issue," Araghchi said last week.

The bottom line: Trump will take office with fewer options to contain or destroy Iran's program than he had in 2017, and less time to decide.

President Biden is moving to block about 625 million acres of offshore areas from future oil and gas drilling, the White House announced Monday morning.

Why it matters: The sweeping actions — which drew strong criticism from the oil industry — may hinder President-elect Trump's ability to quickly deliver on plans to scale up fossil fuel production.

• The steps rely on a provision from a 72-year-old law and affect wildlife-rich areas in the northern Bering Sea; the eastern Pacific Ocean off the West Coast; the eastern Gulf of Mexico; and areas up and down the East Coast.

Driving the news: The steps, in the form of two presidential memos, are designed to permanently protect vast tracts of offshore lands to potentially benefit states dependent on fisheries and tourism.

• Withdrawing hundreds of millions of acres — equivalent in size to the states of Alaska, California and Colorado — from potential leasing may also help limit greenhouse gas emissions that are causing global warming.

Unlike executive orders that Trump could overturn with the stroke of a pen, Biden's actions rely on an open-ended provision in the 1953 Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act.

• This law governs energy leasing activities for submerged lands under U.S. control that are beyond three miles from shore.
• A provision in the act allows the president to permanently take parts of the Outer Continental Shelf off the table for leasing activities, without providing a means for another president to undo the action.

What they're saying: "Congress and the incoming administration should fully leverage the nation's vast offshore resources as a critical source of affordable energy, government revenue and stability around the world," American Petroleum Institute President Mike Sommers said in a statement.

• "We urge policymakers to use every tool at their disposal to reverse this politically motivated decision and restore a pro-American energy approach to federal leasing."

Between the lines: Kevin Book of research firm ClearView Energy Partners told Axios in an email that congressional Republicans could include a provision reinstating some or all of the offshore areas in any filibuster-proof budget reconciliation bills.

The big picture: Biden is portraying the steps as part of his environmental legacy, which has included major climate legislation and land conservation efforts.

• "As the climate crisis continues to threaten communities across the country and we are transitioning to a clean energy economy, now is the time to protect these coasts for our children and grandchildren," Biden said in a statement.

Yes, but: Many of the regions to be protected are locations that the oil and gas industry had not shown strong interest in for development. Other protections would apply to places where states put up stiff resistance against drilling.

• This applies particularly to California and Florida, both of which have consistently opposed offshore drilling.
• During Trump's first term, he exempted a region from North Carolina to Florida from drilling for 10 years, given political opposition to such activities in these coastal states.
• The industry has largely backed off from expensive forays into Arctic drilling, including the Bering Sea where there are no active or pending lease sales.
• However, human-caused Arctic climate change is making the region far more accessible for development and shipping routes and could entice companies to explore for fossil fuel resources in coming years.

Friction point: Oil and gas companies have shown interest in drilling in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, where significant resources are thought to be accessible.

• That makes the designation of this region as off limits to be particularly notable and potentially controversial, even with Florida's opposition to offshore drilling for environmental reasons.
• The use of the law, which grants the president broad power to alter the regions subject to oil and gas leasing, is likely to be tested in court.
• One district court ruling from 2019, which involved a step taken during the Obama administration, held that only Congress could overturn a president's use of the provision within the law.

The bottom line: While Trump can still move forward with plans to boost land-based oil and gas production, he will now face new legal hurdles on offshore drilling.

"Flow," Latvian director Gints Zilbalodis' acclaimed movie, beat some heavy-hitters to win Best Motion Picture (Animated) at the 2025 Golden Globes.

The big picture: The 85-minute movie about a cat displaced by a flood won the award over two Disney films, the new "Wallace & Gromit" entry and "The Wild Robot."

What they're saying: Zilbalodis told Axios on the Golden Globes red carpet Sunday why he chose to capture animals in their natural state for the film.

• "We looked at cat and dog videos. We wanted them to behave like animals, they don't speak, they don't tell jokes. ... I think animals are so funny and interesting, we don't need to change them," Zilbalodis said.

How to watch: "Flow" is still showing in theaters and will be available to rent or buy digitally this week.

Zoom out: Elsewhere at this year's Golden Globes, the Spanish-language Netflix movie "Emilia Pérez" won four awards — including a supporting actress honor for Zoe Saldana.

• "The Brutalist" won three film awards, including best drama.
• In the TV categories, "Hacks" was named best musical or comedy series and "Shogun" won best TV drama.

Go deeper: Why Oscar-worthy movies skip your local theater

Editor's note: This article has been updated with details of other winners at the Golden Globes.

President Biden said in a Washington Post op-ed on the eve of the Jan. 6 U.S. Capitol attack's fourth anniversary there's an "unrelenting effort" under way to "rewrite — even erase — the history of that day."

Why it matters: President-elect Trump has suggested he might pardon the rioters who took part in the assault on the Capitol when he takes office, claiming they're "hostages" who've been "wrongfully imprisoned" for their actions on Jan. 6, 2021.

Driving the news: Biden wrote in the WaPo article that efforts to explain the attack away "as a protest that just got out of hand" and to "dismiss concerns about it as some kind of partisan obsession" do not reflect what happened on Jan. 6.

• "Violent insurrectionists attacked the Capitol, threatened the lives of elected officials and assaulted brave law enforcement officers," Biden wrote.
• "We should be proud that our democracy withstood this assault. And we should be glad we will not see such a shameful attack again this year," added Biden, who noted that Vice President Harris would on Monday "preside over the certification of her opponent's victory in the November election."
• "But we should not forget. We must remember the wisdom of the adage that any nation that forgets its past is doomed to repeat it. We cannot accept a repeat of what occurred four years ago."

Zoom in: The president said the U.S. should commit to remembering Jan. 6, 2021, every year," to remember it "as a day when our democracy was put to the test and prevailed" and to "remember that democracy — even in America — is never guaranteed."

Biden said the truth of what occurred four years ago cannot be lost because in time, "there will be Americans who didn't witness the Jan. 6 riot firsthand but will learn about it from footage and testimony of that day, from what is written in history books and from the truth we pass on to our children."

• He added: "We cannot allow the truth to be lost."
• Representatives for Trump did not immediately respond to Axios' request for comment in the evening.

Go deeper: Reagan-appointed judge slams "preposterous" claims about Jan. 6 "hostages"

New York City's congestion pricing went into effect in the center of Manhattan on Sunday, one day after a federal judge rejected a request from New Jersey officials to halt the program.

Why it matters: The Metropolitan Transportation Authority says the first road toll policy of its kind in the U.S. is aimed at reducing traffic jams, boosting public transit use and improving air quality by charging up to $9 per day in the Congestion Relief Zone.

• The policy has been strongly opposed by leading figures including N.Y.-born President-elect Trump, who wants to stop it, and New Jersey Gov. Phil Murphy (D), whose office vowed on Saturday to continue fighting the toll.

How it works: Per the MTA, the zone that came into effect at midnight Sunday includes roads in Manhattan south of and including 60 Street in an area.

• Excluded is the FDR Drive, West Side Highway/Route 9A, and the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel connections to West Street.
• Most drivers are charged via an E-ZPass toll collection system, with passenger and small commercial vehicles paying $9 during the peak periods of 5am-9pm on weekdays, and from 9am-9pm on weekends. The rate is $2.25 during the overnight period.
• Motorcyclists pay a one-off daily rate of $4.50 during the peak period and $1.05 during the overnight period.
• There's a credit of up to $3 for passenger vehicles and $1.50 for motorcycles for those who've paid to enter Manhattan via certain tunnels, except for overnight because the MTA says "the toll is reduced by 75% from the peak period toll" then.

State of play: MTA Chair and CEO Janno Lieber said at a Sunday briefing 12 hours into the program that so far things had "gone smoothly," but it's too early get an accurate measure of the program's success.

• "This is a toll system that has never been tried before in terms of complexity," Liber said. "Everybody's going to have to adjust to this," he added.
• "We will start to know specific numbers and have some comparatives within a few days, and we're going to share that information publicly."

Stunning stat: New York City had the most congested traffic in the world in 2023, with drivers losing 101 hours to traffic jams during peak commuting times, per INRIX, a transportation analytics company.

Flashback: New York Gov. Kathy Hochul (D) paused implementing the policy last June, citing concerns about plans to charge drivers $15.

What they're saying: Murphy has cited "economic strains" and inflation concerns for opposing NYC's policy.

• The president-elect, whose Trump Tower building is in the congestion zone, in a November statement said: "Not only is this a massive tax to people coming in, it is extremely inconvenient from both driving and personal booking keeping standards.
• He added: "It will be virtually impossible for New York City to come back as long as the congestion tax is in effect."
• Lieber said he thinks Trump "understands, being on Fifth Avenue — living on Fifth Avenue, 59th Street — what traffic is doing to our city."
• The MTA chief is "hopeful that although there has been some rhetoric about this, that we will continue to work with the federal government and get through the change of administration."

Go deeper: New York City braces for congestion pricing

Fixing America's elevators is becoming a heavy lift.

Why it matters: The U.S. has about 1 million elevators, with Americans traveling about 2.55 billion miles a year altogether on elevators and escalators, according to trade association National Elevator Industry.

The big picture: America's aging elevators are time-consuming and costly to fix.

• The workforce of technicians who know how to fix them is aging.
• And buildings with elevators in need of repair often need to wait ages for replacement parts due to arcane supply-chain issues.

What they're saying: "Everyone is born needing an elevator, and if they're lucky they die needing one too," says Stephen Smith, executive director of the Center for Building in North America, who has studied America's elevator issues.

Threat level: When elevators are out of order, people who are unable to take the stairs or have difficulty doing so are thrust into a crisis.

• The upper levels of tall buildings are effectively rendered useless until repairs can be made.
• Nearly 1.1 million Americans end up in the emergency room every year due to incidents stemming from taking the stairs, according to a study published in 2017 based on data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System.
• The number of injuries from elevator trips is miniscule, Smith says: "The real safety problem with elevators is we don't have enough of them."

Reports of inconveniences are widespread:

• In San Jose, California, residents of a supportive housing complex were stranded for more than a week when their second elevator went down, according to the San Jose Spotlight.
• In Fort Lauderdale, Florida, both elevators at an affordable housing complex were out of service for more than a month, stranding elderly residents, according to 7 News Miami.
• In Detroit, which "is full of old elevators," there are "fewer people who know how to fix them" — and that's contributed to construction delays, according to Crain's Detroit Business.

Zoom in: Elevator parts shortages appear to stem largely from two issues: Parts suppliers often prioritize their biggest customers, which in this case happens to be builders in China, where the vast majority of the world's new elevators are installed, according to Smith.

• And parts are often no longer available for aging — and often obsolete — elevators, meaning they often have to be custom made.
• "In some cases, the entire elevator system may need to be modernized or replaced, leading to substantial costs and potential disruptions to building operations," an advisory called The Elevator Consultants reports.

State of play: A patchwork of state regulations and union rules make it laborious for building owners and contractors to comply with current standards, according to Smith. who said the U.S. would benefit from federal elevator standards.

• "The feds have not involved themselves in regulations of the construction industry since Reagan took an axe to it in the 1980s," Smith said.

Yes, but: The good news is that "about 80 percent of reliability issues can be solved by replacing the doors," Joseph Bera, at VP at Schindler Elevators, tells commercial real estate publication Propmodo.

The bottom line: When elevators get stuck in repair mode, the public suffers.

Contributing: Alex Fitzpatrick

The FBI identified the perpetrator in the New Year's Day attack in New Orleans as Shamsud-Din Jabbar, a 42-year-old Texas man.

Zoom in: New Orleans police fatally shot Jabbar on Bourbon Street in the moments after the attack after he stepped out of his truck and opened fire. He was pronounced dead at the scene, investigators said.

• The attack killed 14 people and injured about 35 others. Read their stories.

Here's what we know about Jabbar:

Early life and military service

Jabbar grew up in Beaumont, Texas, according to the New York Times, whose reporters interviewed Jabbar's half-brother, Abdur Rahim Jabbar IV.

• Jabbar's father grew up Christian, but later converted to Islam. Jabbar converted as well, the newspaper reported.
• Later, Jabbar's mother moved him and some of his siblings to Houston, where Jabbar eventually attended the University of Houston. He lost a scholarship there because of how much he was partying at the time, his half-brother told the Times.

Jabbar's eight-year military career in the U.S. Army began by 2007, during which he made a tour to Afghanistan and earned the Global War on Terrorism medal, the New York Times says.

• After the military, Jabbar earned a degree from Georgia State University, the Atlanta-Journal Constitution reports.

Recent years

The edges of Jabbar's personal life appear to have been fraying in recent years.

• As he finalized his third divorce, Jabbar was in severe debt by 2021, according to NBC News, which detailed his financial troubles and a short-lived job as a real estate agent before he secured a job at Deloitte. The company confirmed his employment to NBC.

Jabbar was also starting to indicate more radicalized thinking, posting audio recordings online of his own Islamic teachings and stating opinions about what he described as the evils of music, according to The Times-Picayune.

The attack

Jabbar made at least two visits to New Orleans before the New Year's Day attack, FBI investigators said Sunday.

• During those visits, he recorded video of Bourbon Street while wearing Meta glasses.
• Then, in the hours just before the attack, Jabbar posted five videos to Facebook explaining that his actions were inspired by ISIS.

Originally, FBI Deputy assistant director Christopher Raia said Thursday, Jabbar indicated plans to harm his friends and family but worried headlines about the attack wouldn't focus on what Raia quoted as a "war between believers and disbelievers."

• Jabbar "was 100% inspired by ISIS," Raia said, noting that Jabbar said in the videos that he'd joined ISIS before last summer and provided a will and testament.
• Authorities contended Sunday that Jabbar acted alone, adding that there were no indications he had accomplices in the United States but they were still investigating outside of the country.
• He was in Cairo, Egypt, and Ontario, Canada, in the summer of 2023, the FBI said, and were working to confirm the purposes of those trips.

Melania Trump will be the subject of an Amazon Prime Video documentary, an Amazon spokesperson said Sunday.

The big picture: The movie, called an "unprecedented, behind-the-scenes look" into Trump's life, began filming last month and is currently scheduled for a 2025 release, the spokesperson said in a statement.

• The movie will be a theatrical and streaming release, the statement said.

Zoom in: Though no details were shared as to what the documentary will cover, its filming corresponds with President-elect Donald Trump's return to the White House.

• Melania Trump will be an executive producer on the documentary, along with New Element Media's Fernando Sulichin.
• Brett Ratner, of RatPac Entertainment, will direct the project, per the statement.

Between the lines: Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos has been mired in controversy regarding President-elect Trump in recent months, including allegedly barring the Washington Post from endorsing Vice President Harris in 2024.

• Bezos denied that he knew of the decision not to endorse, but said he agreed with it as newspaper endorsements "create a perception of bias. A perception of non-independence."
• "Ending them is a principled decision, and it's the right one," he wrote in a column for the Post.

Go deeper: Melania Trump skips the White House

In the wake of the New Year's Day attack that killed over a dozen people in New Orleans, officials are reckoning with how they protect against — and track — enemies within U.S. borders.

Meanwhile, a new congressional class faces a snowy start to its session and a sweeping agenda from the incoming president.

Here's what you may have missed when newsmakers hit the airwaves this Sunday, January 5.

1. Balancing threat surveillance and protected speech

Lone wolf attackers are "extraordinarily difficult to detect," said Rep. Jim Himes (D-Conn.), the ranking member on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.

• That difficulty is further compounded when surveilling budding threats from Americans, Himes explained on CBS News' "Face the Nation."

The big picture: "If you're in this country, you have constitutional rights — meaning the FBI can't say, without a warrant, I want your Facebook posts, I want your e-mails," he said. "That's what makes this very hard."

Zoom out: The exact motivations and plan of the New Orleans attacker, identified as U.S. citizen and Army veteran Shamsud-Din Jabbar, are under investigation.

• But in several social media posts, Jabbar proclaimed support for ISIS, and an ISIS flag was recovered from the rented truck used in the attack.

Friction point: In the aftermath of the deadly attack, local leaders have been under scrutiny over whether they could have prevented the tragedy via physical security measures, leaving the crowded street less exposed.

On a broader level, the intelligence community faces the challenge of monitoring threats before an attack is implemented — in this case, when a threat actor begins showing signs of radicalization on social media.

Yes, but: It's not as easy as it may seem.

• "If somebody is standing out on the street corner right now saying, ISIS is the greatest thing in the world, and the president is a traitor ... people would say, boy, we should interview that person — that is constitutionally protected speech," Himes explained.
• Himes continued, "This individual in New Orleans did post some Facebook posts saying, I pledge allegiance to ISIS ... What if we had that debate? Should Facebook have instantly submitted that to the FBI? And if so, where's the line?"

Threat level: There "seem to be some real ISIS connections here that need to be followed up," Rep. Michael McCaul (R-Texas) said on ABC's "This Week."

• He likened the attack to the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, pointing to Jabbar's trip to Cairo, Egypt, which FBI officials said occurred in 2023.

Rep. Mike Turner (R-Ohio), the chair of the House Intelligence Committee, said that beyond the threat of lone wolves, there are actors who have come across the border affiliated with outside groups that "still pose a threat to Americans and to the United States."

• Turner said the New Orleans investigation may uncover times when "we could have intervened."
• "Those will give us greater opportunities at which we'll look to how we might be able to, in the future, find others," he said.

2. The reconciliation bill(s) battle

Get ready for "one big, beautiful bill."

• At least, that's what House Speaker Mike Johnson (R-La.) says he and Trump are envisioning: a single reconciliation package that covers a myriad of MAGA goals, addressing the border, tax reform, the debt ceiling and more.
• If it comes to fruition, Axios' Mike Allen and Stef Kight report, it could be the biggest bill in American history.

State of play: The bill would harness the budget reconciliation process to push its way through. That method allows budget-related bills to bypass the Senate's filibuster (60 votes), with only a simple majority needed.

• The benefit of presenting a plethora of policies together, Johnson said on Fox News' "Sunday Morning Futures," is that there's something everyone can enjoy.
• "No one's going to love every element of a large package like that, but there'll be enough elements in there to pull everyone along," he said.

Sen. Jim Banks (R-Ind.) said he's "for doing it in one bill" on CNN's "State of the Union."

• But he added he wants to see the Trump agenda done "as quickly as we can," whether that's in "one reconciliation bill, if it's two, if it's ten."

Yes, but: Not everyone loves the idea. Some Senate Republicans have voiced concern that pushing one massive bill through will slow down securing the border.

• "I'm very worried that if we don't put border first and get it done, it's going to be a nightmare for our national security," Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) told Fox's Maria Bartiromo.

The bottom line: While the GOP will hold a Washington trifecta, Johnson faces a razor-thin majority in the House and Trump's one-bill vision could test party unity.

3. No snow day for Congress

Neither rain nor snow will keep Congress from working tomorrow, House Speaker Mike Johnson (R-La.) said on Fox News' "Sunday Morning Futures."

The big picture: Washington D.C. is forecast to see between 6 to 10 inches of snow on Monday, but federal law mandates Congress certify election results on Jan. 6.

What he's saying: "We encouraged all of our colleagues 'do not leave town, stay here,'" Johnson said.

• "Whether we are in a blizzard or not, we are going to be in that chamber making sure this is done," he said.

State of play: Other Republicans have weighed in on the weather, with Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-Ga.) posting to X that she "will walk to the Capitol" if she has to.

• "Unless @elonmusk has figured out how to control the weather it looks bad. If you are a Republican member of Congress I'd get to Washington," Rep. Tim Burchett (R-Tenn.) wrote on X.

More from Axios' Sunday coverage:

• John Thune is still willing to challenge Trump
• "Major" winter storm to usher in severe Arctic outbreak across U.S.
• Klobuchar knows of no Democrats objecting to certifying Trump's win

New Senate Majority Leader John Thune (R-S.D.) said in an interview aired Sunday that he's willing to tell President-elect Trump if he thinks he's wrong.

The big picture: Trump has a storied history of rocky relationships with some Congressional leaders, and there is precedent for how the tone between the president-elect and Hill leaders has soured when Congress hasn't acted as Trump wished.

• Thune has issued in a new era for Senate Republicans, who were led by Sen. Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) for nearly two decades.
• McConnell's relationship with Trump was often contentious. What's yet to be seen is how Thune will navigate the water under the bridge between him and Trump as he oversees the GOP's slim majority in the chamber.

Driving the news: "We [Thune and Trump] have the same set of objectives; we want to get to the same destination, but I think, at times, there'll be differences in how we get there," the South Dakota Republican said on CBS News' "Face the Nation."

• He told Margaret Brennan he'll have to be able to "share and convey" to Trump the "unique aspects of how the Senate operates" and "help him understand ... what the contours are of what we can accomplish here in the Senate and what's realistic."
• In a separate interview on NBC's "Meet the Press," Thune characterized his relationship with Trump as "evolving," saying the two have an "alignment of incentives."

Catch up quick: Thune publicly called on Trump to exit the race in 2016 in the aftermath of the infamous Access Hollywood Tape (but said he'd still vote for Trump shortly after) and condemned Trump's actions around the Jan. 6 attack as "inexcusable."

• Trump slammed Thune as a "RINO," or Republican in name only, and labeled him "Mitch's boy."
• Thune supported Sen. Tim Scott (R-S.C.) in the Republican primary race ahead of the 2024 election. Even after Trump became the party's nominee, Thune criticized his sweeping tariff proposals as a "recipe for increased inflation," per the South Dakota Searchlight.

Yes, but: Thune has recently worked to mend their relationship, meeting with Trump at his Mar-a-Lago resort.

• Now, Thune says, the GOP is "united behind President Trump's agenda."

Go deeper: Who is John Thune, the new Senate GOP leader replacing Mitch McConnell

President-elect Trump and House Speaker Mike Johnson (R-La.) plan to push for what could wind up as the biggest bill in American history — a mega-MAGA reordering of taxes, the nation's borders, federal spending and regulations, transition and Hill sources tell Axios. 

Why it matters: Washington will soon witness a furious, multitrillion-dollar legislative and lobbying fight that likely will dominate politics through late spring and possibly beyond.

At stake: Unprecedented spending to tighten borders and remove people here illegally, huge tax cuts, energy deregulation — plus, presumably, unprecedented spending cuts to help pay for it all. 

• We're told the bill will include Trump's popular "no tax on tips" campaign promise. Raising the federal debt ceiling could be included.

The nonpartisan Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget estimates extending the tax cuts from Trump's first term could cost $5 trillion over 10 years.

• So look for a conservative push for significant spending offsets. Senate Republicans have already been busy finding ways to pay for parts of the plan via spending cuts + energy revenue.

Between the lines: Each piece is complicated and costly on its own. Rolling it all into one fat package is unlike anything Washington has done before.

• The margin of error is so slim: As Friday's chaotic House speaker election showed, just a handful of House Republicans can sink any bill. The GOP margin will soon shrink temporarily to zero.

Republicans, who'll control both ends of Pennsylvania Avenue in 15 days, initially were inclined to split up the border and tax packages into a two-track process.

• In mid-December, the hard-right House Freedom Caucus sent Johnson a letter insisting on two bills: "border security must move first — and then we should move forward to a second, larger reconciliation bill covering taxes, spending, energy, bureaucracy, and more."
• The one-track plan is based on the calculation that one big, Trump-branded bill has a better chance of passage than splitting it up. "It motivates people to vote for it," a transition source tells us.

Behind the scenes: The strategy was hotly debated — and only crystallized during a New Year's Day meeting at Mar-a-Lago with Trump, Vice President-elect Vance, Johnson and aides, the sources tell us.

• Both the Trump and Johnson teams made sure each has buy-in.

At the New Year's meeting, the group hashed out pros and cons: Split bills could mean a quick, flashy win on the border. But one bill would give Johnson leverage to force his conference's warring factions to all come to the table.

• In a split scenario, hardliners might insist on passing a border bill, before they discuss raising or eliminating the cap on federal deductions for state and local taxes (SALT). Members from high-tax states might do the opposite.

The logic: We're told Johnson thinks you can squeeze members harder to pass a single "Trump bill" than one-offs.

• The speaker figures that in a big deal, even though everyone will find something not to like, there'll be too much to love.

State of play: The bill would use the budget reconciliation process, which allows budget-related bills to bypass the Senate's 60-vote filibuster. So only a simple majority is needed.

• On Saturday, the day after his dramatic re-election as speaker, Johnson unveiled the plan for a unified reconciliation bill to House Republicans during a closed-door policy retreat at Fort McNair in Washington. Channeling Trumpian lingo, Johnson has called it "one big, beautiful bill."
• "I want to compliment the Trump administration and the team. They've worked so well with us," Johnson told his members, in comments reported by Punchbowl and confirmed by Axios.

What we're hearing: Some Senate Republicans are frustrated by the turn toward a single bill. So the conversation may not be over.

• A big concern among Senate Republicans is that one bill would take too long: They worry they won't be able to move fast enough to secure the border, opening them up to criticism, sources tell us.

Reality check: This is all easier said than done. Every faction within the GOP, and every powerful donor and industry, will want their hobby horse in this bill.

The bottom line: This is likely to take longer than the storied 100 days, which will end April 30. The most optimistic timeline for mega-bill passage is late spring (April or May) — which really means June, and could even take until fall.

Axios' Andrew Solender contributed reporting.