• AI advances could widen wealth gaps, which has prompted calls for a universal basic income.
• UBI offers recurring cash payments to all adults in a population, regardless of status.
• AI leaders such as Elon Musk and Sam Altman have called for a universal basic income.

Universal basic income, once a utopian ideal, has become a hot topic among AI leaders.

It's a recurring cash payment made to all adults in a certain population, regardless of their wealth and employment status. There are no restrictions on how recipients spend their money.

As advancements in artificial intelligence technology drive economic growth, concerns are rising about whether the wealth it generates is shared equitably.

Industry leaders such as OpenAI CEO Sam Altman and AI's "godfather," Geoffrey Hinton, have warned about AI's potential to eliminate jobs — and subsequently widen the wealth gap between the haves and the have-nots. They, along with other tech leaders, are advocates of universal basic income as an antidote.

The concept of countries implementing universal basic income has shifted in recent years from a niche topic within tech circles to a mainstream conversation, thanks in part to the former presidential candidate Andrew Yang, who made UBI a central part of his platform in 2020.

Yang campaigned on what he called the "Freedom Dividend," monthly $1,000 payments with no strings attached to all American adults. The idea was met with skepticism, and Yang's candidacy quickly fizzled. After the success of pandemic-era stimulus checks, though, and now the rise of AI, the idea has gained new traction.

Guaranteed basic income, which is similar to UBI but targets specific groups of people for a set period of time, has been piloted over 100 times across the country. The United States has basic income programs in 16 states, along with Washington, DC, that give residents cash — no strings attached.

The movement toward basic income programs is not without its critics. Some argue the programs could disincentivize recipients to work or even encourage them to spend frivolously. Some say the expenses of basic income programs could lead to higher taxes or local government budget cuts.

For now, though, AI leaders say it's the best option to mitigate the adverse economic impacts the technology could have. Here's what some of the major AI figures are saying about UBI.

Sam Altman

Altman has long been a vocal proponent of universal basic income.

In July, the results of Altman's universal basic income study were published. The study, which began in 2019, was conducted by the nonprofit research lab OpenResearch, and OpenAI contributed $60 million to it — $14 million of which was Altman's own money.

The study distributed payments to 3,000 urban, suburban, and rural residents of Texas and Illinois, all of whom had annual incomes below $28,000. One-third received $1,000 a month for three years, while the rest received $50 a month.

The study found that those who received the $1,000 payments increased their overall spending by an average of $310 a month, but most of that spending went toward food, rent, and transportation.

"We do see significant reductions in stress, mental distress, and food insecurity during the first year, but those effects fade out by the second and third years of the program," the report said, adding: "Cash alone cannot address challenges such as chronic health conditions, lack of childcare, or the high cost of housing."

But that's not Altman's only UBI endeavor. He also has a futuristic cryptocurrency startup called Worldcoin, which aims to build the largest encrypted identity network in the world by scanning people's irises with a baseball-sized orb. One way this technology could be implemented, its founders say, is to underpin the network that lets it collect UBI.

As OpenAI continues to build more capable foundation models, Altman has also suggested that rationing their computational resources across individuals might be more economically efficient than distributing cash. Altman has floated the idea of a "universal basic compute" in which people would get a "slice" of the computational resources of the company's large language models that they could use however they liked.

Elon Musk

Musk is a champion of UBI. The world's richest man has said that universal basic income could give people more freedom over how they use their time and money and that AI would increase the share of UBI that people could receive.

In May 2024 at the annual technology conference VivaTech, Musk said: "In a benign scenario, probably none of us will have a job. There would be universal high income. There would be no shortage of goods and services. The question will really be one of meaning: If a computer can do, and the robots can do, everything better than you, does your life have meaning? I do think there's perhaps still a role for humans in that we may give AI meaning."

Vinod Khosla

Khosla says AI advancements will cause job losses by automating, the majority of human labor and that UBI will be a necessary safety net.

"As AI reduces the need for human labor, UBI could become crucial, with governments playing a key role in regulating AI's impact and ensuring equitable wealth distribution," Khosla wrote in a post on the website for Khosla Ventures, his firm, in September 2024.

Unlike the internet or mobile phones, which have assisted human workers, he wrote that AI "amplifies and multiplies the human brain much as the advent of steam engines and motors amplified muscle power." In other words, he suggests humans will be too slow and expensive to contribute meaningfully to the labor force in the age of AI.

Dario Amodei

Amodei, the CEO of Anthropic, has said UBI is the least that can be done to mitigate the effects of AI.

"Civilization has successfully navigated major economic shifts in the past: from hunter-gathering to farming, farming to feudalism, and feudalism to industrialism. I suspect that some new and stranger thing will be needed, and that it's something no one today has done a good job of envisioning. It could be as simple as a large universal basic income for everyone, although I suspect that will only be a small part of a solution," he wrote in an essay on his personal blog in October 2024.

In Amodei's opinion, AI will alter our world in such a fundamental way that we'll need to think about a more comprehensive solution to inequality.

Andrew Yang

Even before AI took the world by storm, Yang, an entrepreneur and lobbyist, was a proponent of universal basic income. He advocated giving all Americans a $2,000 monthly stipend for the duration of the pandemic.

In Yang's interview with Business Insider in June 2020, a few months after he dropped his presidential campaign, Yang said he was "very confident that universal basic income was the future of our country."

Geoffrey Hinton

Hinton, the "godfather" of AI, has expressed concerns about the ramifications of AI.

Hinton has discussed his fears about AI-induced job losses and advised the UK government to adopt universal basic income as a solution.

• Valar Atomics, led by Isaiah Taylor, is trying to revolutionize nuclear energy.
• Valar's model uses "gigasites" with thousands of advanced reactors to produce nuclear energy.
• Valar says it does not build reactors like they are "artisanal cheese."

At 16, Isaiah Taylor dropped out of high school. He had ambitions beyond cramming for the SATs and competing with his classmates to get into a top college.

Instead, Taylor managed to land a six-figure job as a coder. He had taught himself coding years before and had built a body of work through freelance jobs and side projects. Eventually, one of his contacts recommended him for a gig building classified technology for the Defense Department.

Yet Taylor, whose great-grandfather worked on the Manhattan Project, was always interested in nuclear power.

Now 25, his biggest venture yet, Valar Atomics, emerged from stealth earlier last week. The company is backed by a team of 35 nuclear experts and $21 million in funding. Taylor says it aims to make nuclear energy more affordable — like SpaceX did for space travel.

The motto: cheaper, faster, better

Valar aims to revamp the way nuclear reactors are deployed and, in turn, solve the problem of scaling them. Typical nuclear power plants can take five years or more to construct. In Valar's view, that's akin to building reactors like "artisanal cheese."

To solve that problem, the company plans to develop what it calls "gigasites," creating and installing thousands of small, modular, high-temperature gas reactors over time.

Small modular reactors, or SMRs, generally have a maximum output of 300 megawatts compared to large nuclear reactors, which can generate over 1,000 megawatts. Collectively, though, the SMRs at a gigasite could produce thousands of times the energy of a typical nuclear power plant, according to Valar.

"It allows you to produce very cheap energy because all of the complexity is already dealt with on the first couple of reactors," Taylor said.

Instead of distributing power through the grid — the network that delivers electricity from power plants to homes and businesses —Valar plans to directly supply power to customers that need a lot of it, like data centers, green steel plants, and hydrogen production facilities, by building the sites right next to them.

" The grid is actually not a very good customer for nuclear energy," Taylor said. It "needs your reactors to essentially be spread out."

The rise of the small modular reactor

SMRs have gained momentum as a cheaper, greener, and faster alternative to traditional nuclear reactors. In recent years, a number of SMR companies have emerged with plans to bring their first reactors online in the coming years.

Oklo, backed by OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, is developing small reactors that run on nuclear waste. Oklo aims to deploy its first one in 2027. X-Energy — in which Amazon invested $500 million — aims to bring over 5 gigawatts of power online through SMRs by 2039. Kairos Power also signed an agreement with Google to provide energy from its SMRs, with plans to bring its first reactor online by 2030.

However, critics of SMRs argue that they should not be seen as a silver bullet for the problems that plague traditional reactors.

A 2024 report from the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis found that SMRs are still "too expensive, too slow to build, and too risky" to meaningfully transition us from fossil fuels in the coming 10 to 15 years.

Researchers have raised concerns about the radioactive waste produced by these reactors. A 2022 study from Stanford and the University of British Columbia found that SMRs generated more radioactive waste by "factors of 2 to 30" than large-scale reactors.

Valar argues that its gigasite model tackles the challenges of cost and speed by enabling it to deploy reactors to achieve economies of scale rapidly. With regard to safety, the company points to its use of tri-structural isotropic particle fuel, a heat-resistant nuclear fuel made from a combination of uranium, carbon, and oxygen. TRISO, as this fuel is more commonly known, generates more nuclear waste, but Valar claims it is "good at encapsulating the nuclear waste," making it highly resistant to spreading, minimizing environmental impact, and preventing misuse by bad actors.

TRISO is also being tested by Kairos Power and X-Energy, which is building a dedicated fuel fabrication facility.

Fuel and ambition

Despite being a young startup, Valar also has big plans to fuel the world with synthetic fuels that are cheaper than oil.

The company said it has pioneered a process for developing alternative hydrocarbon fuels that can replace the traditional fuel used in aviation, vehicles, and military operations.

It all begins with the company's reactors, which — once up and running — will generate heat at temperatures exceeding 900 degrees Celsius, or over 1,650 degrees Fahrenheit.

Valar aims to use this heat to power a thermochemical process that splits water into its component atoms: hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen will then be combined with captured carbon dioxide through a collection of chemical reactions to create carbon-neutral synthetic fuels because no new carbon is extracted from the ground.

" You can sell the hydrogen itself, right, which is a big market, but you can also create, synthetic fuel," Taylor said. " We can make jet fuel, diesel, gasoline. We can make all of our hydrocarbons that the world relies on today, and we can make them carbon neutral."

Valar's first reactor will launch in the Philippines, where it has secured a research contract for an advanced reactor from the Philippines Nuclear Research Institute. This follows the signing of the 123 Agreement between the United States and the Philippines in 2023, which establishes a framework for enhanced nuclear cooperation between the countries, including technical exchanges, scientific research, and safeguards discussions.

Using a prototype, Valar will simulate its first reactor, Ward One, to test and gather data on its efficacy. Taylor did not specify how long it will take to move through the licensing process and fully get the reactor running in the Philippines but said, "We're going to move really fast." Eventually, Taylor wants to bring Valar's technology to the United States.

The new nuclear era

Taylor believes this is an opportune moment for nuclear energy in the United States as public sentiment has shifted in the past several years.

"Public opinion about nuclear is actually very generational," he said. "Young people and, and I really mean, honestly, anyone under 50 are very, very pro-nuclear." Now that they're in positions of authority, Taylor anticipates that we'll see "rapid regulatory change." A 2024 poll of 430 first-generation voters conducted by America in One Room, organized in part by Stanford University, found that four in five supported "new generation" nuclear energy to supplement renewable power sources.

Beyond support from Silicon Valley, which needs more energy for its AI revolution, nuclear energy has seen increased bipartisan support in recent years. In March, the House of Representatives passed the ADVANCE Act, which will expand the use of nuclear energy in the United States and abroad.

Former President Joe Biden also signed a law in March that allocates $100 million to nuclear workforce training programs at universities, two-year colleges, and trade schools. President Donald Trump's newly appointed head of the Department of Energy, Chris Wright, said last month that "to compete globally, we must expand energy production, including commercial nuclear and liquefied natural gas, and cut the cost of energy for Americans."

Generational ties

While Taylor remembers discussing the Manhattan Project at the breakfast table with his great-grandmother and grandmother, he never believed his family history gave him carte blanche to enter the nuclear industry.

"I approached the industry as a complete outsider technically, but with the confidence of someone who knew the origins and history from my family's heritage with it," he told BI.

After years of research, though, he came to one conclusion: "I found that nuclear had the potential to be the cheapest form of energy on Earth if you build it this specific way: mass manufactured and deployed on gigasites, making highly transportable energy products."

• Warren Buffett includes some business lessons in his latest shareholder letter, published Saturday.
• Buffett said mistakes will happen. It's owning up to them that's important.
• He also advised against judging candidates by education, stressing the value of innate talent.

Every year, executives of publicly traded companies draft letters to their shareholders. These letters summarize the company's operations, detailing its annual financial results, major wins and losses, and outlook for the coming years.

There is perhaps no annual letter more anticipated than the one Warren Buffett sends to his Berkshire Hathaway shareholders. Investors and business leaders scour the letter for hints about the economy and financial strategies.

It also, however, often includes some more fundamental business — and life — lessons, too.

In Buffett's latest shareholder letter, published on Saturday, he wrote, "In addition to the mandated data, we believe we owe you additional commentary about what you own and how we think."

Business Insider read through this year's letter to gather Buffett's best insights.

Mistakes happen. Own up to them before it's too late.

Buffett said he's made many mistakes over the years.

Some have stemmed from incorrectly assessing the "future economics" of companies he purchased for Berkshire Hathaway. Others have come from hiring the wrong managers — miscalculating either their abilities or loyalty to the organization.

Between 2019 and 2023, Buffett wrote that he used the word "mistake" or "error" 16 times in his annual shareholder letter.

The point is that mistakes are normal in the course of doing business.

"The cardinal sin is delaying the correction of mistakes," he wrote.

Know the power of a 'single winning decision.'

According to Buffett, the corollary to acknowledging mistakes is recognizing the power of big wins.

"Our experience is that a single winning decision can make a breathtaking difference over time," he wrote.

He pointed to several key moments in Berkshire Hathaway's history — the strategic acquisition of GEICO, the decision to bring former McKinsey consultant Ajit Jain into management, and finding Charlie Munger, Buffett's longtime friend and business partner, who served as vice chairman of the conglomerate for more than four decades.

"Mistakes fade away; winners can forever blossom," he wrote.

Never judge a candidate by their educational background.

When it comes to selecting a CEO, Buffett has a rule: "I never look at where a candidate has gone to school. Never!"

Buffett pointed to the case of Pete Liegl, the founder and manager of Forest River, an RV manufacturing company that Berkshire Hathaway acquired in 2005. In the 19 years following the acquisition, Buffett said Liegl far surpassed his competitors in performance.

"There are great managers who attended the most famous schools. But there are plenty, such as Pete, who may have benefited by attending a less prestigious institution or even by not bothering to finish school," Buffett wrote.

Buffett's takeaway is that "a very large portion of business talent is innate with nature swamping nurture."

Keep saving.

Buffett believes that a long-standing culture of saving — and reinvesting — has been a key to the success of American capitalism.

Since the country's founding, "We needed many Americans to consistently save and then needed those savers or other Americans to wisely deploy the capital thus made available," he wrote. "If America had consumed all that it produced, the country would have been spinning its wheels."

Likewise, Berkshire Hathaway's shareholders have "participated in the American miracle" by reinvesting their dividends, as opposed to consuming them.

To ensure citizens continue to save and the country prospers, Buffett shared some advice for regulators: "Never forget that we need you to maintain a stable currency and that result requires both wisdom and vigilance on your part."

• Meta's Yann LeCun warned there could be an exodus of US-based scientists due to funding cuts.
• The Trump administration wants to slash NIH funding, causing concern in the scientific community.
• LeCun said Europe should be recruiting them by offering more favorable research conditions.

The United States could soon see an exodus of tech talent, according to Meta's chief AI scientist, Yann LeCun.

"The US seems set on destroying its public research funding system. Many US-based scientists are looking for a Plan B," LeCun wrote in a post on LinkedIn on Saturday.

The Trump administration has issued several executive orders to reduce funding, sparking concern among the US-based scientific community.

It announced drastic cuts to the National Institutes of Health that would effectively end billions in federal funding for biomedical research. A judge on Friday extended a temporary block on the cuts as lawsuits filed by states and universities who say the cuts are illegal make their way through the court system.

"A sane government would never do this," former Harvard Medical School Dean Jeffrey Flier said of the funding cuts in a post on X.

Elon Musk's cost-cutting DOGE squad has also been deployed to federal agencies, including the NIH, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, and NASA.

The executive order that Trump signed against diversity, equity, and inclusion mandates has also caused concern that it could threaten scientific research at universities.

"At least one university is telling its researchers to refrain from terms like "biodiversity" to steer clear of detection by AI-based grant review systems, " Scientific American reported.

LeCun — who earned his bachelor's and Ph.D. in France — said the changes in the United States should be a wake-up call for European institutions and companies.

"You may have an opportunity to attract some of the best scientists in the world," he wrote.

He shared seven things he believes talented researchers want to see at any university, company, or public research agency they're joining:

1. Access to top students and junior collaborators.
2. Access to research funding with little administrative overhead.
3. Good compensation (comparable with top universities in the US, Switzerland, Canada).
4. Freedom to do research on what they think is most promising.
5. Access to research facilities (e.g. computing infrastructure, etc).
6. Ability to collaborate/consult with industry and startups.
7. Moderate teaching and administrative duties.

His message to Europe: "To attract the best scientific and technological talents, make science and technology research professions attractive."

• Some parents are resorting to ChatGPT to find answers to their children's homework.
• Those who spoke with Business Insider said it makes learning more engaging and jump-starts assignments.
• AI tools like ChatGPT are debated for educational use, with concerns about critical thinking.

Roughly two years ago, Phil Birchenall's 11-year-old daughter, Daisy, was having a hard time with math.

" She's a bright girl," Birchenall, an AI consultant based in a suburb of Manchester, England, told Business Insider. Yet her long division skills were stopping her from acing the standardized tests known as SATs, which are required for secondary school in the UK.

Birchenall said he last learned math in the eighties, and problem-solving techniques have changed since then. He could have hired a tutor, but he resorted to what he felt was a more personal, and cost-effective approach. He built a GPT, a customizable version of ChatGPT, one evening to help his daughter get back on track.

" I fed in all of the subject areas that Daisy was falling behind on. I added in that she was in the UK, and she was doing a SAT," he said. To keep her engaged, he gave it the personality of a dog, inspired by his daughter's love for their cocker spaniel. It didn't take more than a few weeks with the "tutor" for Daisy to get up to speed. " She smashed her SATs in the end," he said.

Parents in the US can also share the stress of homework and exam preparation. Nearly 60% of parents said they struggle to help their children with homework, according to a September 2024 survey of 1,006 parents of students in kindergarten through eighth grade in the US, conducted by Prodigy, a maker of educational games.

Math may be the most feared subject. Over 80% of parents said they avoid helping their children with it, while 20% of parents spurn science, and 19% steer clear of language arts. And they're turning to generative AI for help — 44% of parents said they use ChatGPT to find answers to their children's homework.

Data shows that students rely heavily on ChatGPT for homework, as visits often spike while school is in session. But the merits of the bot are still up for debate. Educators in support of it say it can make assignments more approachable, helping students get over their writer's block, or coaching them through math problems. Critics worry that it could foster a kind of mental inertia, with students outsourcing too much intellectual work to a chatbot.

New skills for a new learning paradigm

Stephen Salaka, a software engineering director from Florida, and his 14-year-old son both identify as neurodivergent. They excel under clear directions, but tend to struggle with more open-ended, creative work. He said they turn to ChatGPT to work things out through the Socratic method.

"He'll get an assignment, it'll be like, hey, draw a poster about, you know, the Civil War or something. It's very nebulous," he told BI. The bot helps his son get organized, talk through his thoughts, and move forward with the assignment.

As generative AI technology becomes more integrated into students' lives, Salaka encourages parents to help them cultivate new critical thinking skills.

"At some point in time, AI work is going to be distinguishable from human sources, and because of that, there's no way for us to track the provenance of information," Salaka said. "So disinformation, deepfakes, all of these things are going to become much more prevalent as we move forward."

Students, he said, should learn to start asking questions like: "Is that source valid? What is the rationale behind that source to say, hey, this is true? Are there other sources that corroborate?"

For now, AI tools are beginning to display sources in their outputs. Earlier this month, OpenAI launched "deep research", a new agent that conducts extensive research online, synthesizes it, and documents its outputs with "clear citations and a summary of its thinking."

In January, Anthropic launched Citations, an API feature that lets its chatbot, Claude, provide "detailed references to the exact sentences and passages it uses to generate responses." AI-powered search engine, Perplexity, also includes footnotes linking to original sources in every answer it generates.

There are still many parents who are apprehensive about tools like ChatGPT, according to Audrey Wisch, cofounder of Curious Cardinals, a tutoring and mentorship network based in San Francisco. Over the past 20 months, Wisch has taught over 75 workshops for parents on how to use AI to optimize their productivity. Before the workshops, she asks parents to fill out a registration form detailing their AI anxieties, among other points, and has collected more than 2,000 responses to date.

"They have this anxiety that they're going to screw up their kids," she said. "So there's just so much fear and there's so much misunderstanding. I think some of the biggest fears are cutting corners — will my kid not know how to write?"

Curious Cardinals pairs students in kindergarten through 12th grade with mentors to help them with schoolwork, pursue passion projects, or provide career guidance, and has incorporated AI education into those services.

Wisch said that a few parents have started asking for AI mentoring, too. "We have two mentors who are teaching moms AI one on one," she said. "What I love is seeing these women become very digitally empowered who otherwise are digitally insecure."

• SecurityPal helps major AI companies complete security questionnaires.
• The company has been operating a 24/7 command center in Kathmandu, Nepal since 2023.
• "There's a lot of technology talent just nestled amongst the foothills," CEO Pukar Hamal said.

At 10:00 p.m. in San Francisco, it's 11:45 the next morning in Kathmandu, Nepal. And for AI security startup, SecurityPal, those nearly fourteen hours are just enough time to stay one step ahead of its customers.

"I was looking at places around the world where I could tap into because my philosophy always was if a customer could send us a questionnaire by 5:00 p.m. and it was back in their inbox at 6:00 or 7 a.m. in the morning, that would be like magic," SecurityPal CEO Pukar Hamal told Business Insider.

The company — which launched in San Francisco in 2020 —opened a 24/7 security operations command center in Kathmandu two years ago this month.

It now employs almost 200 workers in Kathmandu. They're largely in their 20s and 30s and have a broad range of expertise, from those who studied technical subjects like cybersecurity and computer science to those with a liberal arts focus in economics or psychology.

SecurityPal has won many of the biggest — and buzziest — clients in the tech industry. It has become a key player behind some of the AI industry's top names, handling security questionnaires for companies like OpenAI, Langchain, and Cursor. Its main focus is making the security review process easier for enterprise companies.

When these companies take on a new customer they are typically vetted by that customer through a security questionnaire. This complex document covers everything from how the company handles data to how it identifies vulnerabilities in its systems to the physical measures it takes to protect its facilities.

In its early days, SecurityPal's employees manually filled out every questionnaire. "What we learned quickly was that there were ways to automate the steps," Hamal said.

Now, when a company signs up, SecurityPal's analysts first spend time understanding the company's full security and compliance posture. They'll parse, annotate, and add context to historical questionnaires, infrastructure documents, compliance reports, and other relevant information to create "discrete" question and answer pairs, Hamal said. Using AI, the company has built a repository of over 2 million pairs, which can be used for various customer requests.

As rapid advancements in AI drive companies to adopt new tools, Hamal said he'd noticed more "paranoia" in the questionnaires SecurityPal's clients receive.

"I think companies just have a really hard time digesting what's actually happening with their data," he said. "The questions are different. They're more nuanced." When it comes to large language model providers, for example, "they want to know how the model is used, how the model's trained, where it is hosted," he added.

SecurityPal serves 200 to 300 customers annually. Most employ 500 to 1000 people or more, and one-fifth of its customer base is publicly traded companies. At its Series A funding round in 2022, it was valued at $105 million. Hamal did not disclose the company's current valuation but said it's north of that now.

From Silicon Valley to Silicon Peaks

Hamal, now 33, left Kathmandu for New York when he was 7. He studied international relations at Stanford and planned to become a diplomat. He ultimately ended up in the tech industry, launching his first startup, Teamable, in 2016. It was acquired in 2020.

With SecurityPal, Hamal didn't initially have plans to launch a second base in his motherland. He was looking at places that were hours ahead of the US — like India and the Philippines — so when it was nighttime for his clients, his team could be hard at work.

"I just was always skeptical about the talent here," he said. Once he realized how many students Nepal was sending to the US, UK, and Australia, though, he began to reconsider.

From 2000 to 2016, the number of Nepali students enrolled in degree programs abroad surged by 835%, reaching 44,255 students by 2017, according to a report from World Education News and Reviews. Nepal's ratio of international students to domestic students is also significantly higher than neighboring countries like India.

When COVID-19 hit, though, many students who went abroad returned to be closer to family and stayed. They were not only fluent in English, but also equipped with technical skills that rivaled those of workers in Silicon Valley, Hamal said. He saw potential in this pool of talent.

"I'm trying to champion the term 'Silicon Peaks' because there's a lot of technology talent just nestled amongst the foothills," he said.

Economic growth in Nepal has steadily increased since 2018, when a new government was formed after years of political turmoil and peace negotiations. Between 2023 and 2024, the services sector — including industries like tourism, real estate, and trade — was the greatest driver of Nepal's gross domestic product, according to data from World Bank. Agriculture also plays a significant role in the economy.

Through the base in Kathmandu, Hamal is hoping to reshape how the world views Nepal's workforce.

"Nepal's always been sort of like this feeder country of high-quality physical labor," he said. He mentioned the Gurkhas, Nepali soldiers that the British East India Company began recruiting in the early nineteenth century as an elite fighting force or the scores of Nepali migrant workers who built stadiums in Qatar for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

"The talent has always been there, but the perception was that it skewed more on the brawn side," Hamal said. "Now, it's the brain."

• The New York Stock Exchange is relocating its Chicago headquarters to Dallas.
• Texas is attracting businesses due to its favorable taxes and regulations.
• Texas is now home to 3.3 million startups and 1 in 10 US publicly traded companies.

The Lone Star State is on track to become a business hub, rivaling the likes of Silicon Valley and Wall Street.

The New York Stock Exchange announced Wednesday that it would be relocating its Chicago headquarters to Dallas. The fully electronic exchange will serve as a platform for companies to list and trade securities.

"As the state with the largest number of NYSE listings, representing over $3.7 trillion in market value for our community, Texas is a market leader in fostering a pro-business atmosphere," NYSE Group president Lynn Martin said in a statement.

The NYSE did not respond to Business Insider's request for comment.

Over the past decade, hundreds of businesses, including Charles Schwab, Oracle, and HPE, have established a base in Texas, their leaders citing business-friendly taxes and regulations.

Billionaire Elon Musk has added momentum to the migration. He moved Tesla's headquarters to Austin in 2021. In July, he announced that he would also move X and SpaceX to Texas, and said that other companies would follow suit.

Texas is now home to more than 3.3 million startups and small businesses and 1 in 10 publicly traded companies in the US, according to a fact sheet from Texas governor Greg Abbott. At $2.6 trillion, it's the eighth largest economy in the world, surpassing countries like Russia, Canada and Italy.

"Texas is the most powerful economy in the nation, and now we will become the financial capital of America," Texas Gov. Greg Abbott said in a statement on Wednesday. "With the launch of NYSE Texas, we will expand our financial might in the United States and cement our great state as an economic powerhouse on the global stage."

The arrival of the centuries-old NYSE signals that Dallas may be emerging as the state's financial capital. In January, the Texas Stock Exchange — a smaller competitor backed by major financial institutions like BlackRock, Citadel Securities, Charles Schwab — announced that it had filed its Form 1 registration with the US Securities and Exchange Commission and was targeting a 2026 launch.

• Three weeks into Donald Trump's second term, the makeup of Elon Musk's DOGE staff is becoming clearer.
• BI saw a list of about 30 White House DOGE staffers; nearly all are early- or mid-career professionals.
• They include tech advisors, a former Clarence Thomas clerk, and a former McKinsey consultant.

Software developers. Former Supreme Court clerks. An ex-McKinsey consultant. Corporate financiers.

Three weeks into the second Trump administration, the composition of Elon Musk's Department of Government Efficiency team is becoming clearer.

White House records seen by Business Insider show about 30 people now work for the White House's DOGE office. At least four of the names haven't been previously reported. Among them are Kendall Lindemann, 24, who worked for a healthcare firm founded by the senior DOGE official Brad Smith, and Adam Ramada, 35, an investor whose firm took a stake in a SpaceX supplier last year.

Other new names are Kyle Schutt, 37, a tech startup worker who was most recently employed at an AI interviewing software company, and Austin Raynor, 36, a lawyer who clerked for Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. Raynor was interviewed on NTD news in November, outlining how Trump could challenge birthright citizenship.

Since January 20, the DOGE team has moved quickly to dismantle federal agencies, reduce staff, slow down enforcement, and gain access to the digital systems that help shepherd trillions of taxpayer dollars. While the US DOGE Service is part of the White House Office, the White House hasn't released details about its inner workings or staff; the list seen by BI helps shed light on the powerful young squadron tasked with remaking the federal government.

Most of the more than two dozen people on the White House DOGE staff are early-career professionals in their 20s and 30s. They have backgrounds primarily in tech but also in finance, law, and politics. BI confirmed their backgrounds through public records, including social media profiles and legal filings.

The records categorize nearly all of the DOGE staffers as volunteers. Wired earlier reported that the DOGE engineer Luke Farritor — who is also on the list seen by BI — posted to Discord looking for software engineers. He said the position would be "paid," but not by whom, according to the outlet.

The records seen by BI don't include the names of some DOGE affiliates who have appeared in legal filings and news reports as working for other agencies, such as the Treasury employees Tom Krause and Marko Elez. Elez resigned from the Treasury Department last week after The Wall Street Journal reported on racist social media posts from an account linked to him; Musk said on X one day later that he would rehire him.

Beyond the gates of 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, the executive order behind DOGE called for agencies to create their own "DOGE Teams," and people linked to Elon Musk have popped up in employee directories at the Treasury Department, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Department of Education, and other agencies, news reports say. Some of the people listed as White House DOGE staff are also employees of other agencies.

The White House didn't reply to a request for comment.

Here's a breakdown of the DOGE team.

Tech

Tech workers make up the largest chunk of the DOGE team on the list reviewed by BI.

Some are veteran software engineers. Schutt was most recently the chief technology officer at Kerplunk, an AI interviewing software startup, and has a Ph.D. from Virginia Tech.

Schutt didn't respond to a request for comment.

Others on the list are relatively junior. Edward Coristine is 19, and Farritor, 23, a former SpaceX intern, was a senior at the University of Nebraska when he was named a Thiel Fellow last year.

Two close associates of Musk are also on the list. Steve Davis, who was trained as an aerospace engineer, now leads The Boring Company, Musk's tunneling company; Jehn Balajadia has been described as Musk's assistant. The New York Times reported that she was also listed as a Department of Education employee.

Davis and Balajadia didn't respond to requests for comment.

Finance

Some White House DOGE staff have corporate finance and management backgrounds.

Lindemann graduated from the University of Tennessee's business college in 2022. She worked for McKinsey for about two years, according to her LinkedIn profile, and in 2024 left for Russell Street Ventures, the health industry investment firm run by Smith, the senior DOGE official. Smith worked at the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services in the first Trump administration. Lindemann worked at Russell Street Ventures as a venture associate, an entry-level job in the venture capital industry.

Lindemann, Davis, McKinsey, and Russell Street Ventures didn't respond to requests for comment.

According to campaign finance records, the White House DOGE staffer Ramada is a Miami venture capitalist who donated more than $1,000 to Republican fundraising committees last year. One of his companies, Spring Tide Capital, invested in Impulse Space, which was founded by a SpaceX employee and has contracted with SpaceX.

Ramada and Spring Tide Capital didn't respond to a comment request.

Law

There are five lawyers listed as part of the DOGE White House staff, and the majority have clerked for conservative Supreme Court justices.

Raynor, a graduate of the University of Virginia's law school, clerked for Justice Clarence Thomas for the Supreme Court term that started in October 2016 and spent time as an associate at Sullivan & Cromwell. During Trump's first term, he served as an assistant to the solicitor general. He has argued in front of the Supreme Court at least eight times. He was most recently a senior attorney and special counsel for the Supreme Court practice at the Pacific Legal Foundation, a libertarian organization.

Raynor's November TV segment and Trump's executive order to end birthright citizenship used similar language, though Raynor wasn't the first person to make such arguments.

Raynor declined to comment when reached by BI.

Other names on the list, which have been previously reported, include Jacob Altik, Keenan Kmiec, and Stephanie Holmes. Altik was selected to clerk for Justice Neil Gorsuch for the term starting in October 2025, while Kmiec clerked for Chief Justice John Roberts, as well as for Samuel Alito while Alito was still a federal circuit judge. James Burnham, who ProPublica described as DOGE's general counsel, clerked for Justice Neil Gorsuch and was previously a partner at the law firm Jones Day.

Politics

Of the list of White House DOGE staffers, only one appears to have previously worked in politics. Chris Young, who Musk hired as an advisor over the summer to help his get-out-the-vote work, was most recently a senior political advisor at PhRMA, a trade association that advocates on behalf of pharmaceutical companies. He was previously a national field director for the Republican National Committee. He didn't respond to a request for comment.

Have a tip? Know more? Reach Jack Newsham via email ([email protected]) or via Signal (+1-314-971-1627). Do not use a work device.

• Sam Altman's World Network surveyed over 90,000 users on AI and dating.
• It found that 26% of people flirt with chatbots, knowingly or not.
• World Network's new product, World ID Deep Face, aims to verify humans on dating apps and platforms.

When the movie Her debuted in 2013, its plot about a man falling in love with an AI operating system seemed, if not wholly original, a vision of the distant future.

About a decade later, though, relationships between AI chatbots and humans are becoming more commonplace.

Take Replika, a dating app launched in 2017 that lets users create customized romantic chatbots. By 2023, it had about 676,000 daily active users, with the average user spending two hours a day on the app, according to figures from Apptopia.

It's not only Replika users. Romanticizing a chatbot is becoming a global phenomenon.

One in four people admitted to flirting with a chatbot either knowingly or unknowingly, according to a survey conducted by Sam Altman's futuristic project, World, formerly known as Worldcoin. The company surveyed 90,000 of the 25 million people on its network about their feelings on love in the age of AI.

The majority of respondents said they are still wary of interacting with bots. About 90% said they want dating apps to have a system for verifying real humans. About 60% of users said they have either suspected or discovered that they matched with a bot.

To help users combat deepfakes, World launched a product called World ID Deep Face. It relies on the World's existing verification system — which takes pictures of humans' irises with a melon-sized orb — to verify on platforms like Google Meet, Zoom, or dating apps that users are communicating with real humans in real-time video or chat interactions. World is in the process of rolling out the system in beta.

"As someone that uses dating apps, all the time I get catfished," Tiago Sada, the chief product officer of Tools for Humanity, the company building World's technology, told Business Insider. "You see profiles that they're just too good to be true. Or you realize this person has six fingers. Why do they have six fingers? Turns out it's AI."

• Consulting firms have become a destination for some companies looking to make the most out of AI.
• AI leaders at these firms use tools like GPT Enterprise and internal chatbots like McKinsey's Lilli.
• BI asked AI leaders at several large companies to share tips for using the technology.

Working with artificial intelligence can sometimes feel more like an art than a science.

That's why many companies are turning to consulting firms for guidance on how to maximize the technology.

Top firms are not only helping companies develop AI tools, upskill their workforces, and identify potential security weaknesses, but they are also creating chatbots and agents to organize their firm's knowledge and streamline routine tasks. As a result, AI leaders at consulting firms tend to have a handle on AI strategies that can work for a broad range of tasks.

Business Insider asked AI execs at five top consulting firms — Deloitte, EY, KPMG, McKinsey, and PwC — to share their best tips for using AI in everyday work.

The AI leaders said they regularly used various AI tools, including models from OpenAI, Google, Microsoft, and Anthropic, as well as tools built internally, like McKinsey's Lilli, EY's EYQ, and ChatPwC, PwC's internal version of ChatGPT.

Here's how they use AI and some of their advice for getting the most out of it. Responses are edited for brevity.

How do you use AI in your work?

Dan Priest, US chief AI officer at PwC: I do a lot of research with it. For instance, I was doing some analysis on labor productivity and how AI will improve labor productivity. The typical search would produce labor statistics. Well, AI, the big powerful foundation models, it'll grab those labor facts and statistics, it'll do analysis, it'll show you trends, discontinuities, or cause analyses. It is much more robust. In terms of research and analysis, it emerges as a thought partner versus just a search engine.

You discover blind spots in your thinking. I was writing a policy and I thought it was pretty comprehensive, and I ran it through GPT Enterprise, and it found two other points in the policy that we should be adding.

Todd Lohr, head of ecosystems at KPMG: Part of my job as a leader is being able to synthesize information. AI is very helpful in that it has allowed me to understand trends and the marketplace and has enabled me to have a broader view as a leader and synthesize and ingest a lot more information.

It has also been helpful for communications in terms of preparing for meetings, follow-up from meetings, as well as correspondence.

Rodney Zemmel, global leader for McKinsey Digital and firmwide AI transformation: I've found it to be excellent at "level one" creativity and coming up with things you generally will not have thought of. It's an excellent aid to brainstorming for our teams. I haven't yet seen it as having true unbounded creativity, i.e., a new way of looking at the world. That won't be far behind, though.

What are your go-to AI prompts or advice you have for writing good prompts?

Dan Priest, PwC: I'll give some context about what I'm trying to do, a short, punchy question, and then ask follow-ups that make them increasingly specific, and then you can adjust based on what you're seeing.

During the week, I travel a lot, and if I get 100 or 200 emails in a day, it's just really hard to keep up with every single one of them. I go into Microsoft Teams, activate Copilot, and ask it to review all messages in Teams and email and find the actions for me. I'll just spend 15, 20 minutes at the end of the day, do the prompt "Identify emails that are addressed to me directly or that have an action for me," and it produces the list. It's not perfect, but it's good at it.

I like to cook, and I don't like to waste food in the refrigerator. So I will prompt, "Create a recipe with these ingredients," and I'll just list the things that I want to get rid of in the refrigerator.

Rodney Zemmel, McKinsey: Too many people are still using it to look something up. The trick is to have a dialogue with it and to get comfortable building agents that can execute simple tasks. Let AI handle the 80% of tasks we're mediocre at, so we can excel at the exciting 20%, as one of my colleagues likes to say.

Matt Barrington, Americas chief technology officer at EY: Context management is paramount. I keep separate AI "workspaces" for different focus areas — such as technical Q&A or drafting client communications.

I also give the AI clear instructions about the style and depth of response I want, like "Provide a concise, bullet-point summary," or "Act as a finance expert," or "cite credible sources or references and provide links."

What challenges are there with using AI?

Dan Priest, PwC: It is changing muscle memory.

I've spent a lot of years developing a certain writing style, a certain research technique, and I had to change that. And I am better for having changed it, but it doesn't happen overnight.

It was just like anything that you learn, you have to be disciplined about learning it, and then it sticks.

Todd Lohr, KPMG: The biggest challenge is connecting all my individual data sources that are disparate. If I want to build my own personal AI, the challenge is having access to the right information and knowledge.

I have been deliberate about addressing this challenge when I took over in my current role. I put everything in one folder and personally curated the content that I agreed with and liked.

Matt Barrington, EY: The main challenge is keeping pace with the innovation. There's a constant flow of new models, tools, and capabilities, and it can be tough to pinpoint which option is best for a given task. I follow newsletters, participate in AI-focused events, and learn from AI practitioners — but in my view, hands-on experimentation is the most effective way to stay informed and find what genuinely works.

Also, it is important to remember that while these models are confident and impressive, they can be wrong. Always validate the information and output before you utilize it.

What do your clients want to know about incorporating AI into their business?

Dan Priest, PwC: The questions have sort of shifted. A year ago, they were asking, "What's the killer use case?" "What's the most industrialized use case?" "What's the use case that's going to produce the most savings or the greatest deficiencies?" Now, the questions we're getting are less about those technical use cases and they're much more about "How do you evolve the business strategy to take advantage of AI capabilities?"

Rodney Zemmel, McKinsey: They want to understand how AI agents can integrate with their workforce, acting like talented interns who need proper training to be effective. We've also seen the conversation move from just productivity to growth and productivity, and to finding ways to do things better and faster than humans to doing things that no human could possibly do.

Do you have something to share about what you're seeing in consulting? Business Insider would like to hear from you. Email our consulting team from a nonwork device at [email protected] with your story, or ask for one of our reporter's Signal numbers.

• President Trump ordered the Treasury and Commerce departments to plan a sovereign wealth fund.
• At the Economic Club of New York in September, Trump hinted at plans for a US sovereign wealth fund.
• The cabinet could model it after the Alaska Permanent Fund, which gives annual payments to residents.

President Donald Trump issued an executive order on Monday, assigning the Treasury and Commerce departments the task of formulating a plan for a national sovereign wealth fund.

This isn't the first time Trump has hinted at his interest in creating a sovereign wealth fund. During a campaign stop at the Economic Club of New York in September, Trump called for a state-owned investment fund to finance "great national endeavors."

Discussions about such a fund also surfaced under former President Biden's administration. Biden's top aides circulated plans for a fund to finance national security interests.

It is unclear how an American fund would be supported or how it would operate.

However, lawmakers might have something of a model in The Alaska Permanent Fund, which distributes the money it makes to the state's residents as annual dividends.

"The fund was initially established with revenue from mineral extraction, primarily oil, but within a few years after its initiation, its primary source of revenue is investment returns," Sarah Cowan, executive director of the Cash Transfer Lab, previously told Business Insider. "It diversifies the Alaskan economy because, at this juncture, the revenue from this fund primarily does not come from oil."

Alaska's fund offers benefits that mimic a universal basic income — a no-strings-attached, recurring payment distributed to people regardless of socioeconomic status. But there are some key differences. For one, the dividend doesn't come out of taxes; it's paid only annually and doesn't equate to a livable wage.

Federal lawmakers likely see a sovereign wealth fund serving a different purpose, like supporting industries or financing supply chain initiatives. Creating one at the national level also comes with more legislative hurdles.

"Typically, many countries went through special law making to create a SWF, defining the SWF's source of capital, investment mandate, and supervision system," Winston Ma, an adjunct professor at NYU and the author of The Hunt for Unicorns: How Sovereign Funds Are Reshaping Investment in the Digital Economy, wrote to Business Insider by email. "Therefore, it's not a simple corporate setup. It will involve lots of collaborative work between the executive and legislative branches."

Sovereign wealth funds — like Alaska's or Norway's Government Pension Fund Global, which is the largest in the world — are often funded by wealth generated from state-owned natural resources. The issue is that "natural resources in the US are mostly owned by the states," Ma said. So, consolidating those revenue streams might require some back and forth.

• Elon Musk says Department of Government Efficiency works 120 hours a week.
• Musk's is trying to cut a $1 trillion or more from the federal budget.
• Some executives told BI that Musk's posts are meant to set the tone for the work culture he expects.

It's been just under two weeks since Elon Musk stepped into his role at the Department of Government Efficiency, and he's already bringing his Silicon Valley drive to Washington.

"DOGE is working 120 hours a week. Our bureaucratic opponents optimistically work 40 hours a week. That is why they are losing so fast," Musk posted to X on Sunday.

Less than a day earlier, he had extolled the virtues of weekend work.

"Very few in the bureaucracy actually work the weekend, so it's like the opposing team just leaves the field for 2 days!" he wrote on X.

That's 17 hours and 8 minutes of work a day, including Saturday and Sunday, as one X user noted in the comments.

Musk is known for his relentless work ethic. He's said he works 120-hour weeks and expects his employees to work long hours, too.

When he officially took control of Twitter in October 2022, he immediately mandated 80-hour workweeks. But whether his hard-charging tech executive mentality will work in the more staid realm of government is an open question.

An operational efficiency expert told Business Insider that Musk's approach might be the best way to get DOGE quickly up to speed.

"Musk's tweet underscores his well-known philosophy on work ethic and the inefficiencies of bureaucracy," Shannon Copeland, CEO of SIB, a cost-cutting firm, told BI by text. "While a 120-hour workweek isn't a practical or sustainable solution for most, the principle behind it resonates. Companies that prioritize efficiency, automation, and proactive cost management will always outperform those weighed down by bureaucracy."

Roi Ginat, CEO of Endless AI, which developed a video AI assistant and has raised $100 million, said Musk's posts shouldn't be taken literally.

"Driving a team too hard for too long leads to fatigue and burnout. Many people simply won't function well without enough sleep, and as fatigue sets in, errors increase," he told BI by text. "I believe that Elon's tweet is about an effort, not a new standard at DOGE."

Ginat, who said he regularly works 85 hours a week, added that "my work is on my mind most of my time, and it's an important part of the deal, but great work ideas often come while I hike with my kids."

• Single adults are shifting from dating apps to social media to find partners.
• Instagram is now the top platform for meeting new people, according to data from Rizz.
• Rizz, an AI dating assistant, helps users craft replies and has half a million monthly active users.

Single adults are fed up with dating apps.

They might be turning to old-fashioned social media to find their next partner instead.

Instagram is the most popular place to meet and communicate with a potential partner, at least for the hundreds of thousands of people using Rizz, an AI dating assistant.

Rizz, which is slang for charisma, launched in 2022. It functions like a dating coach, helping users craft witty responses to messages and less cringey pick-up lines.

"Dating coaches charge $30 to $300 an hour. Not everybody can afford paying over $30 an hour. So the moment ChatGPT launched, I already had this idea in the back of my mind," Rizz cofounder and CEO Roman Khaves told Business Insider.

Users upload screenshots of conversations from dating apps, messaging apps, or social media to Rizz, which then generates a response. The app leverages ChatGPT but fine-tunes its responses based on prior responses it generated. So the more you use it, the better and more personalized its responses will be, Khaves said.

Rizz costs $7 a week or $20 a month and has about half a million monthly active users. The platform's user base is 65% male and 35% female and most of them fall between 18 and 35. They're largely from English-speaking countries.

Khaves shared data with BI showing that 22% of the screenshots uploaded to Rizz now come from Instagram, an 8% increase from a year ago. About 15% come from iMessage and 11% from WhatsApp. Dating apps comprise a smaller share, with Tinder at 11%, Hinge at 10%, and Bumble at 4%.

It's not uncommon for potential partners to meet on a dating app and quickly move their conversation to text or even Instagram. But Rizz sees evidence in the data that Instagram is becoming a first-choice destination for dating.

"Instagram has evolved into this fascinating dual-purpose platform for relationships," Khaves said. "Whether it's sliding into DMs or naturally connecting through shared content, people are both starting and deepening their connections entirely within Instagram."

Dating on Instagram isn't new. Celebrity couples — like Joe Jonas and Sophie Turner, or exes Dua Lipa and Anwar Hadid — and regular couples alike have found love on Instagram. The data from Rizz shows it's only becoming more popular as users give up on regular dating apps.

Rizz's algorithms can track the source of screenshots, distinguishing whether a user uploads them from an Instagram story or a direct message. What's less clear is the history behind the relationship. "The one thing we don't know is how long they know the person, whether they've been friends with them on Instagram for a while or not," Khaves said.

Rizz is already developing features tailored to Instagram, where the first move could be linked to a story or a picture rather than a prompt on Hinge. Instagram also introduced a feature in September that allows users to leave comments under stories, making it easier for mutual followers to interact with each other.

The reason people are moving away from dating apps might be simple — they offer too much data about a person upfront.

"Think about it — in real life, you don't walk up to someone with a resume of your height, job, and dating intentions. Instead, you get to know them gradually through shared moments and mutual interests, which is exactly what Instagram enables," Khaves said.

• Chinese startup DeepSeek shocked markets this week after releasing a cheaper rival to OpenAI's o1.
• Silicon Valley has reacted to DeepSeek's release with a mix of panic and awe.
• Some AI startups see an opportunity in DeepSeek's open-source success.

In the tech industry, the tides can turn quickly, especially when it comes to AI.

Last week, OpenAI was the industry leader, developing what many saw as the most advanced AI models on the market, which led to a skyrocketing valuation.

This week, its standing was in question as Silicon Valley eyed a more cost-effective competitor: DeepSeek.

The Chinese company recently released a challenger to OpenAI's o1 reasoning model called R1. Users who've tested both said R1 rivals the capabilities of o1 and comes at a substantially cheaper cost.

The news shocked markets on Monday, leading to a stock sell-off that wiped almost $1 trillion in market cap. AI insiders said the frenzy is warranted: DeepSeek's methods are a game changer for the industry.

CEOs of startup companies facilitating the AI boom by supplying hardware, security services, and building agents told Business Insider that DeepSeek's success creates more opportunities for smaller companies to flourish.

Roi Ginat, the cofounder and CEO of EndlessAI, which develops the video AI assistant Lloyd, said DeepSeek's success could widen the pool of who can develop AI technology — and who can access it.

"DeepSeek's success represents a democratization of AI development, where smaller teams with limited resources can meaningfully compete with well-funded tech giants," Ginat wrote by email. "This has catalyzed a wave of innovation from startups and research labs previously considered peripheral to the field."

While OpenAI might not lose its standing in the industry, Ginat said its role could change. "The industry is witnessing a fascinating tension between two competing visions. One focuses on pursuing artificial general intelligence (AGI) through increasingly powerful and comprehensive models. The other emphasizes practical applications through efficient models and methods targeted at specific use cases and benchmarks," he said, comparing OpenAI and DeepSeek. "This tension drives innovation in both directions, and also exists within the big companies."

Pukar Hamal, the CEO of SecurityPal, which helps companies like OpenAI complete security questionnaires, said the industry should temper expectations of immediate change.

"If the DeepSeek team truly can cut training and inference costs by an order of magnitude, it could spark far broader deployment of AI than analysts anticipate," Hamal, told Business Insider. "On the flip side, it'll take more than a few tough earnings calls to make the biggest AI players reconsider the staggering GPU investments we're seeing for 2025."

Meta recently committed $60 billion to AI infrastructure investments. President Donald Trump also announced Stargate last month, a joint venture between OpenAI, Oracle, and SoftBank that will invest $500 billion into AI infrastructure across the country.

One of the biggest debates among AI innovators is whether open-source models, which the public can access and modify, are more likely to drive breakthroughs than closed-source models. OpenAI says it keeps its models closed for safety, while DeepSeek's models are open-source.

Satya Nitta, the cofounder and CEO of Emergence AI, a company developing AI agents, said that "DeepSeek R1 is a meaningful advance in broadening access to AI reasoning, spotlighting the power of open source and setting a new benchmark for reasoning."

Hamal said we should still approach open-source development cautiously — even if it'll eventually dominate the industry.

"An 'open source' model of unknown alignment invites serious public safety and regulatory questions. If DeepSeek's mobile app keeps climbing the charts, we could end up with a discussion similar to the recent calls to block TikTok in the US," he said. White House advisor David Sacks also raised concerns about DeepSeek's training methods when he told Fox News that it is 'possible' DeepSeek used OpenAI's models to train its own AI model.

Still, "openness typically wins in the long run," Hamal said. "If DeepSeek helps reset an increasingly closed foundational model market, that can be a net positive — so long as we maintain the guardrails that protect customers and the public at large."

If there's one lesson AI executives are taking away from this week, though, it's that it's possible to do more with fewer resources.

Matthew Putman, CEO of Nanotronics, which designs AI-controlled factories, said, "To me, the competition itself is less significant than the validation of a broader principle: AI models can be built more affordably and applied far beyond large language models."

• DeepSeek's success has put Silicon Valley on edge about Chinese competition.
• After DeepSeek released its latest model, AI investors panicked.
• Meta's chief AI scientist, Yann LeCun, said the market's reaction to DeepSeek was "unjustified."

Silicon Valley is melting down over DeepSeek, an emerging Chinese competitor in AI, but Meta's AI chief says the hysteria is unwarranted.

DeepSeek caused alarm among US AI companies when it released a model last week that, on third-party benchmarks, outperformed models from OpenAI, Meta, and other leading developers. It did so with subpar chips and, it said, vastly less money.

Bernstein Research found that DeepSeek priced its models significantly below equivalent models from OpenAI: DeepSeek's latest reasoning model, R1, cost $0.55 for every 1 million tokens inputted, while OpenAI's o1 reasoning model charged $15 for the same number of tokens. A token is the smallest unit of data an AI model processes.

The news hit the markets Monday, triggering a tech sell-off that wiped out $1 trillion in market cap. Nvidia — known for its premium chips, which can cost at least $30,000 — lost almost $600 billion.

Yann LeCun, the chief AI scientist for Facebook AI Research, however, says there's a "major misunderstanding" about how the hundreds of billions of dollars invested in AI will be used. In a Threads post, LeCun said the huge sums of money going into US AI companies were needed primarily for inference, not training AI.

Inference is the process in which AI models apply their training knowledge to new data. It's how popular generative AI chatbots like ChatGPT respond to user requests. More user requests means more inference is required, and processing costs increase.

LeCun said that as AI tools become more sophisticated, the cost of inference will rise. "Once you put video understanding, reasoning, large-scale memory, and other capabilities in AI systems, inference costs are going to increase," LeCun said, adding, "So, the market reactions to DeepSeek are woefully unjustified."

Thomas Sohmers, a founder of Positron, a hardware startup for transformer model inference, told Business Insider he agreed with LeCun that inference would account for a larger share of AI infrastructure costs.

"Inference demand and the infrastructure spend for it is going to rise rapidly," he said. "Everyone looking at DeepSeek's training cost improvements and not seeing that is going to insanely drive inference demand, cost, and spend is missing the forest for the trees."

This means that, as its popularity grows, DeepSeek is expected to handle more requests and spend a significant amount on inference.

A growing number of startups are entering the AI inference market, aiming to simplify output generation. With so many providers, some in the AI industry expect the cost of inference to drop eventually.

But this applies only to systems handling inference on a small scale. The Wharton professor Ethan Mollick has said that for models like DeepSeek V3 that provide free answers to a large user base, inference costs are likely to be much higher.

"Frontier model AI inference is only expensive at the scale of large-scale free B2C services (like customer service bots)," Mollick wrote on X in May. "For internal business use, like giving action items after a meeting or providing a first draft of an analysis, the cost of a query is often extremely cheap."

In the past two weeks, leading tech firms have stepped up their investments in AI infrastructure.

Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg announced more than $60 billion in planned capital expenditures for 2025 as the company ramps up its own AI infrastructure. In a post on Threads, Zuckerberg said the company would be "growing our AI teams significantly" and had "the capital to continue investing in the years ahead." He did not say how much of that would be devoted to inference.

Last week, President Donald Trump announced Stargate, a joint venture between OpenAI, Oracle, and SoftBank set to funnel up to $500 billion into AI infrastructure across the US.

• Business leaders are reacting to DeepSeek's rise, which sent US tech stocks tumbling.
• Intel's former CEO said DeepSeek would expand the AI market instead of diminishing it.
• Meta promised a new "leading state of the art" AI model and pledged more investment.

Tech leaders and their companies have reacted with admiration and insights after AI company DeepSeek launched its flagship large language model, R1.

Just days after DeepSeek launched, the app dethroned ChatGPT with the most downloads on Apple's Top Free Apps chart, rivaling systems by OpenAI, Google, and Meta despite being developed at what the startup said was a fraction of the cost.

The rise of the Chinese AI startup founded by quant hedge fund manager Liang Wenfeng was followed by a sharp sell-off of major AI and chip companies in the US tech markets on Monday.

Nvidia, a leader in AI hardware, saw its stock plunge by over 17% — erasing hundreds of billions from its market cap — amid concern about DeepSeek's ability to achieve competitive results with less advanced and significantly cheaper hardware.

Here's how Silicon Valley leaders have responded to DeepSeek so far.

Satya Nadella

Nadella, Microsoft's CEO, posted on LinkedIn on Monday that "Jevons paradox is at play again," referencing the concept that greater efficiency in production often fuels higher demand. "As AI becomes more efficient and accessible, its adoption will soar, transforming it into an indispensable commodity," he added.

Earlier last week at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Nadella also said that other tech companies "should take the developments out of China very, very seriously."

Marc Andreessen

Andreessen, cofounder of Andreessen Horowitz, praised DeepSeek's R1 model and called it "one of the most amazing and impressive breakthroughs" and "a profound gift to the world" in an X post on Friday. On Sunday, the Silicon Valley venture capitalist — who has been advising President Trump on tech policy — went on to call Deepseek R1 "AI's Sputnik moment."

Pat Gelsinger

Gelsinger, the former CEO of Intel, challenged the market's reaction to DeepSeek's advancements, particularly the sell-off of AI chip stocks. He said the market is "getting it wrong" and suggested that the company's "dramatically cheaper" AI models could expand the market for AI applications rather than diminish it.

Gelsinger also credited DeepSeek's Chinese engineers, who "had limited resources, and they had to find creative solutions."

Yann LeCun

Yann LeCun, chief AI scientist for Meta's Fundamental AI Research division, challenged the perception that China is surpassing the US in AI in a LinkedIn post, arguing that the correct reading is that "open source models are surpassing proprietary ones."

He said that DeepSeek "came up with new ideas and built them on top of other people's work." He also said the hype around DeepSeek's drastically cheaper models is a bit overblown.

In a Threads post, LeCun said there is a "major misunderstanding about AI infrastructure investments," noting that the billions of dollars in investment are largely going toward inference, not training AI.

Inference is the process in which AI models apply their training knowledge to new data. It's how popular generative AI chatbots like ChatGPT respond to user requests. So the more user requests a model receives, the higher the cost to process inference.

LeCun said that as tools become more sophisticated, the cost of processing costs will rise, too.

"Once you put video understanding, reasoning, large-scale memory, and other capabilities in AI systems, inference costs are going to increase," LeCun said. "So, the market reactions to DeepSeek are woefully unjustified."

Mark Zuckerberg

Though Zuckerberg did not directly respond to DeepSeek's rise, the Meta CEO posted on Facebook on Friday promising that a new version of Facebook's open-source AI model family Llama would become "the leading state of the art model" upon release.

Llama is an AI model designed for natural language processing tasks like text generation, translation, and summarization, which is promoted as open-source like DeepSeek.

Pledging more than 1.3 million GPUs of computing power by the end of the year, he wrote that Meta is "planning to invest $60-65B in capex this year while also growing our AI teams significantly" and that the company has additional capital to continue investing over the next few years.

Meta did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

Nvidia

In a statement, a spokesperson for Nvidia told Business Insider that DeepSeek is an "excellent AI advancement and a perfect example of Test Time Scaling," illustrating how to leverage "widely available models and compute that is fully export control compliant." The spokesperson added that to make inference work, it "requires significant numbers of NVIDIA GPUs and high-performance networking."

Jensen Huang, Nvidia's CEO, has not directly responded to DeepSeek thus far.

Sam Altman

OpenAI CEO Sam Altman wrote on X on Monday that DeepSeek's R1 model is "impressive," especially because of its price point.

The Chinese AI lab recently rolled out new models that researchers say are just as good as OpenAI's 01 model.

Altman embraced the new competition and said OpenAI will continue to deliver better models. The CEO said "more compute is more important now than ever to succeed" and said he is looking forward to bringing "AGI and beyond" to the world.

"We will obviously deliver much better models and also it's legit invigorating to have a new competitor! We will pull up some releases," the OpenAI boss added.

• Consultant starting salaries have remained flat since 2023, a new report found.
• Management Consulted found salaries were largely stagnant at boutique, MBB, and Big Four firms.
• The industry has been impacted recently by slowing demand and AI-fueled productivity increases.

Starting salaries for consultants at both top firms and boutique consultancies largely remained flat for the second year in a row, according to a new report from Management Consulted, a company that provides online resources and career coaching to professionals trying to land jobs in consulting.

The report found that starting pay has remained stagnant since 2023 as the consulting industry reels from a slowdown in demand for services, despite some recent signs of improvement. Previously, annual increases of 5 to 10% were standard for the industry, according to Management Consulted.

The company's 2025 Consulting Salaries Report included over 100 firms and was based on submissions and offer letters shared by its readers and clients who work in consulting. Management Consulted said it does not include salary information that it is unable to verify.

The report found that starting total compensation at the Big Four professional services firms — Deloitte, PwC, KPMG, and EY — has not increased since 2023. This was true for new hires coming out of undergraduate programs as well as the higher paid ones coming out of MBAs or PhDs.

The same was largely true for new hires at MBB firms — McKinsey & Company, Bain & Company, and Boston Consulting Group — which are widely considered the most prestigious strategy consulting firms and are known for their competitive pay packages.

Do you work in consulting and have insights to share about the industry? Contact this reporter at [email protected] or via the encrypted messaging app Signal at kelseyv.21.

The report said that Management Consulted expected salaries to remain flat despite some increases in demand for consulting services in 2024, which came after a couple years of a downturn that saw major firms conducting layoffs or delaying start dates for new hires.

The plateau is notable given that consulting compensation surged in 2022 and 2023, according to Management Consulted's 2023 salary trends video. The last major increase before that was in 2019.

In 2023 post-MBA hires earned a base salary of $192,000, a performance bonus of up to $60,000, and a signing bonus of $35,000 at the top tiers. Pre-MBA hires earned a base salary of $112,000, a performance bonus of up to $30,000, and a signing bonus of around $5,000.

However, salaries and performance bonuses rose across the industry in 2023, with several firms enhancing benefits like profit-sharing, paid leave, and retirement contributions. Boston Consulting Group even overhauled its compensation structure in a bid to attract new talent and retain existing talent.

One reason salaries remained the same in 2024, according to the report, is productivity advancements sparked by generative AI and remote work. The report also said fewer consultants were leaving the industry due to limited opportunities elsewhere, meaning the stagnant salaries could be another potential side effect of the so-called white-collar recession.

"AI enablement is enabling consulting firms to accomplish more with fewer hires. Productivity gains, combined with slower attrition, reduce the need for new hires and stall salary growth," Namaan Mian, chief operating officer of Management Consulted, said in comments shared with Business Insider.

Mian also said the perception of the value of hiring MBAs, who typically make a higher starting salary than consultants coming out of undergrad, varies widely.

"Firms historically pay MBAs twice as much, but don't get twice the value from them. This doesn't fly in an efficiency oriented environment," Mian said. "This is why we're seeing less hiring from MBA programs and more from undergraduate ones."

Some firms also used changes in their variable compensation — in which pay is partially determined by performance via bonuses — to make their pay packages look more attractive, the report said, adding that only 5 to 10% of consultants typically earn the maximum amount of their bonus.

Management Consulted said it expects an increase in hiring as demand for consulting services and attrition are expected to increase in the coming years. However, it said salaries for new hires could remain stagnant.

Do you work in consulting and have insights to share about the industry? Contact this reporter at [email protected] or via the encrypted messaging app Signal at lvaranasi.70.

• Lambda Labs COO Mitesh Agrawal has left to head AI hardware startup Positron.
• Lambda focuses on deploying cloud infrastructure to customers and is valued at over $2 billion.
• Positron aims to compete with Nvidia by offering faster, energy-efficient AI hardware.

Lambda Labs, a Nvidia partner, has lost its chief operating officer to a little-known company building hardware for the AI industry.

Lambda COO Mitesh Agrawal told Business Insider he stepped into a new role as CEO of Positron earlier this month. Positron builds hardware for transformer model inference, which is how chatbots like ChatGPT respond to user requests.

Agrawal's departure is significant given his role in shaping Lambda into one of Silicon Valley's best-funded and most valuable startups.

During its Series C round last February, the company was valued at about $1.5 billion. Agrawal declined to share the company's exact valuation but said it has grown to over $2 billion since then.

Agrawal told BI that when he joined Lambda in 2017, the company was focused on building machines for image generation models. This was five years after twin brothers Stephen and Michael Balaban founded it as a company developing facial recognition technology. It wasn't long after Agrawal's arrival, however, that the company shifted its focus, designing infrastructure for full-scale data centers and pivoting into cloud services.

He said Lambda's business now focuses on deploying cloud infrastructure to customers, renting out servers powered by Nvidia's graphics processing units. It also offers the requisite software, including APIs for inference and machine learning libraries for customers.

Agrawal said that his move to Positron comes amid a growing appetite for inference — the capacity for AI models to apply their training to new data.

Between chatbots like ChatGPT and xAI's Grok, and new reasoning models like OpenAI's o1 tackling PhD-level problems, "the curve of technology for inference is just going up, which means the computational requirement is really going up," Agrawal said. So, he said he's thinking a lot about "how to solve and how to run these models with as much efficiency as possible."

He believes Positron is well-positioned to take on that challenge.

Positron was founded in 2023 by Thomas Sohmers, whom Agrawal met in 2015. The two also overlapped at Lambda during Sohmers's stint at the company between 2020 and 2021. Sohmers, who will move into the role of chief technology officer, told BI that, in simplest terms, the company is "building hardware competing against Nvidia."

Positron says its hardware outperforms Nvidia's H100 and H200 GPUs — which fueled the AI race before it released its more powerful Blackwell chips — in performance, power, and affordability.

Going up against a behemoth like Nvidia — which overtook Apple as the world's most valuable company last week — is no easy task for an up-and-coming company. But by focusing more narrowly on providing hardware for transformer model inference, Sohmers said Positron can differentiate itself from the competition.

Transformer models — neural networks that learn the context and meaning of data to generate new data — are behind some of the most popular generative AI applications. Unlike convolutional neural networks, which underpinned previous decades of machine learning advances, transformer models have greater memory demands. Sohmers said he saw an opportunity to capitalize on those demands.

"I would say the whole reason we started Positron is we thought that there was a better way to do things," Sohmers said. "Nvidia, as a large company that also has a lot of other product focuses wasn't going to really optimize and focus on the particular niche that we're focused on, which is transformer model inference."

Agrawal, too, is confident in the performance and energy efficiency of Positron's hardware. Its compatibility with a range of transformer models will also help it attract customers from competitors, he said.

"Nvidia has such a strong ecosystem in the world of AI models. You hear about their CUDA moat, and you heard about the software moat," he said, referring to the software network the company has built between its products to retain customers.

"What Positron really did was completely remove this friction of anything," Agrawal said. That means a company can take a model trained on an Nvidia GPU and "run that model's inference on a Positron card just like you would run on an Nvidia GPU," he said.

Agrawal said the jump from an established player like Lambda to a young startup like Positron presents an "exciting challenge."

"You get to compete against an industry veteran as well as in a field that is just so big," he said.

• Over three-fifths of US workers have nightmares about work.
• Common nightmares include being late to work, job loss, and romantic dreams about coworkers.
• Dreams are often a reflection of the inner self, therapists say.

For many people, work extends well beyond the standard 9-to-5. The pressure from their jobs can disrupt sleep, leading to restless nights and stressful dreams.

In a survey of 1,750 working adults in the US conducted by Each Night, a sleep resource platform, more than three-fifths of workers reported having a nightmare about their jobs.

The most common workplace nightmare is being late to work, according to an analysis of global search data conducted by the job search platform JobLeads. Losing your job, getting a new job, and colleague romances were also commonly reported dreams.

Annie Wright, a psychotherapist who operates boutique trauma therapy centers in California and Florida, told Business Insider that dreams are worth analyzing.

The fear of being late to work can signify a sense of uncertainty, she said. "It doesn't terribly surprise me that that's showing up because, you know, we have that classic dream in college and high school of being late for a test," she said.

Through the lens of gestalt psychotherapy — a therapeutic approach that focuses on understanding a person's present experience — every element of a dream, from the setting to the people, places, and objects, can be viewed as a reflection of the dreamer's inner self.

Wright offered a hypothetical workplace dream in which the dreamer sees their boss, closest colleague, and a challenging client. The boss is yelling at the colleague about their interactions with the client.

Wright said she would ask the dreamer to describe the qualities they associate with their boss. "Critical, demanding, and hostile," they might say, she said. Then, they would describe their colleague. "Supportive, kind, but incompetent sometimes," she said.

She would ask the dreamer to think about all these aspects within their self.

"What does it say that the critical, angry part of you is attacking the, you know, supportive but kind part of you," she said. Perhaps the person would realize that the dream was about something else entirely.

"I cannot turn off this critical voice about my inability to get pregnant," she said, as an example. "When we unfold it from that lens, it can become less about the workplace itself or the workplace figure itself and more about what those different parts symbolized by the workplace or workplace figures represent."

Stressful dreams often reflect a person's sense of vulnerability in the wider world, she said. Whether it's the workplace or the middle school hallway — the most common setting for a stress dream — the setting of a dream is like a subject that our mental state seeks out. "In other words, the state of vulnerability seeks that out and gloms on to it," she said.

Here's a closer look at the top most searched workplace stress dreams, according to JobLeads data.

• DeepSeek, an open-source Chinese AI company, has riled Silicon Valley with its rapid rise.
• Meta's chief AI scientist said DeepSeek has benefited from the open-source community.
• Meta's AI program has remained open-source, while OpenAI has shifted to closed-source.

Silicon Valley was on edge this week after DeepSeek, a Chinese AI company, released its R1 model. In third-party benchmarks, it outperformed leading American AI companies like OpenAI, Meta, and Anthropic.

For Meta's chief AI scientist, Yann LeCun, the biggest takeaway from DeepSeek's success was not the heightened threat posed by Chinese competition but the value of keeping AI models open source so that anyone can benefit.

It's not that China's AI is "surpassing the US," but rather that "open source models are surpassing proprietary ones," LeCun said in a post on Threads.

DeepSeek's R1 is itself open source, as is Meta's Llama. OpenAI, which was originally founded as an open-source AI company with a mission to create technology that benefits all of humanity, has on the other hand more recently shifted to closed-source.

LeCun said DeepSeek has "profited from open research and open source."

"They came up with new ideas and built them on top of other people's work. Because their work is published and open source, everyone can profit from it," LeCun said. "That is the power of open research and open source."

When DeepSeek unveiled R1 on January 20, which it said "demonstrates remarkable reasoning capabilities," the company said it was "pushing the boundaries" of open-source AI.

The announcement took Silicon Valley by surprise and was easily the most talked-about development in the tech industry during a week that included the World Economic Forum, TikTok uncertainty, and President Donald Trump's busy first few days in office.

Days after DeepSeek's announcement, Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg said Meta planned to spend over $60 billion in 2025 as it doubles down on AI. Zuckerberg has been an outspoken advocate of open-source models.

"Part of my goal for the next 10-15 years, the next generation of platforms, is to build the next generation of open platforms and have the open platforms win," he said in September. "I think that's going to lead to a much more vibrant tech industry."

Those who support open source say it allows technology to develop rapidly and democratically since anyone can modify and redistribute the code. On the other hand, advocates for closed-source models argue that they are more secure because the code is kept private.

OpenAI CEO Sam Altman said the closed-source approach offers his company "an easier way to hit the safety threshold" in an AMA on Reddit last November. He added, however, that he "would like us to open source more stuff in the future."