• Bogus health advice is widespread online, and often follows a few strategies.
• Misinformation can harm a person's physical and mental health.
• Look out for big claims and conspiratorial tones, Dr. Idrees Mughal advised.

A doctor who challenges nutrition misinformation online and wrote a book about common tricks, listed red flags to look out for.

Health misinformation can cause real damage to physical and mental health so it's crucial to learn how to spot it, said Dr. Idrees Mughal, a medical doctor with a master's degree in nutritional research.

Mughal was speaking last month at an online nutrition misinformation conference hosted by the Royal College of Medicine and the nutrition organization Nutritank.

It's impossible to be knowledgeable about all health claims, but being able to spot patterns can help you spot fakery, Mughal said.

He are his three red flags:

Absolute language

Words like "most," "top," "worst," "best," "always," and "never" do not belong in health advice because they don't consider individual differences, Mughal said. "No one who is truly evidence-based would use terms like these."

People have different needs and goals, and no one ingredient or diet can be the top way to eat for the whole population, he said.

Take nuts for example: They are a good source of fiber, protein, and healthy fats, and some studies suggest that eating them regularly is linked to longevity. But nut allergies are widespread, and can be fatal — so the advice won't work for everyone.

A quick fix

"The promise of a quick fix is always a massive red flag," Mughal said.

People are much more receptive to things that can be done fast. Silver-bullet-type content tends to garner more engagements, clicks, and likes, he said.

But chronic diseases that can be impacted by our lifestyle choices, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, require a long-term lifestyle management treatment plan. "If you didn't develop them overnight, you're not going to fix them overnight," he said.

Creating an 'us versus them' mentality

Health misinformation can undermine public health and lead to mistrust in medical professionals, Mughal said.

Some wellness influencers leverage this mistrust to market themselves and create an "us versus them" mentality, he said.

Rather than providing evidence-based information, they might say things like, "The healthcare industry doesn't want you to know this. I'm about to let you in on a huge secret," which frames them as an expert with hidden knowledge, he said. At the same time, it encourages you to distrust the more established authorities

"It's a very kind of predatory wellness marketing tactic," Mughal said.

• Fibrous foods like beans, nuts, and seeds feed the "good" microbes in the gut.
• Most Americans are not meeting the daily recommended fiber intake.
• Emily Leeming opts for whole grains instead of white carbs and sprinkles seeds on her breakfast.

When it comes to your gut health, eating enough fiber is crucial.

Emily Leeming, a dietitian and gut microbiome researcher at King's College London, told Business Insider how to improve.

From our immune system to our emotions, a growing body of research suggests that the state of our gut health affects the whole body.

The gut microbiome, the trillions of "good" and "bad" microbes that live in the digestive lining, is heavily shaped by what we eat, said Leeming, the author of "Genius Gut: The Life-Changing Science of Eating for Your Second Brain."

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends adults eat 14g of fiber per 1,000 calories. They say more than 90% of women and 97% of men do not.

Leeming, who used to work as a private chef, takes a simple approach to meeting her daily fiber goal, while keeping her meals tasting good.

She shared four tips for easily adding more fiber to your diet.

Stock up on high-fiber foods

Leeming knows which foods are particularly high in fiber and she makes sure to add them to her shopping list.

"There are high-fiber foods that probably surprise people like dark chocolate and avocados," she said. One avocado is about 10 grams of fiber, and two pieces of dark chocolate contain about two grams.

Leeming focuses on what she calls the "B-G B-Gs," which stands for beans, greens, berries, grains, and seeds.

"It's the beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds that tend to contain more fiber than the fruits and vegetables," she said, adding that fruits and veggies are of course still important.

She said berries tend to be higher in fiber than other fruits because they contain seeds.

Make your grains wholegrain

Wholegrains such as oats, quinoa, wild rice, and wholemeal bread, are great sources of fiber, Leeming said. Opting for a wholegrain such as brown rice over its white counterpart is an easy swap that will up your fiber intake, she said.

"I absolutely love pasta. So I do wholegrain pasta," she said. Leeming also adds legumes such as beans or lentils to dishes to up the fiber content even more.

"I'm a really big fan of beans and lentils with tomato sauce and some green veggies or maybe a salad on the side," she said.

Sprinkle nuts and seeds on top of any dish

Sprinkling some mixed nuts and seeds over a dish is a quick way to add some more fiber into your day.

"You can add them to anything. It could be your breakfast in the morning, it could be a salad that you've just made," Leeming said.

Chia seeds and flax seeds are particularly high in fiber, she said. Chia seeds contain about 30 grams of fiber per 100 grams, and 20 grams of flax seeds provide about 6 grams of fiber.

Keep healthy snacks in your line of sight

Leeming also keeps a jar of mixed nuts by her kettle so that she can snack on them when she goes to make a cup of tea.

"The things that I want to eat more of, I keep in my line of sight. That just visually prompts you to go for them as a first step," she said.

• RFK Jr. was spotted wearing jeans and hiking boots in one of America's most exclusive gyms.
• His unusual workout gear reflects the contradictory nature of his persona and views, historians said.
• Showcasing his fitness at 70 helps to signal that his controversial views on health are legitimate.

Robert F. Kennedy Jr. wants you to know that he's healthy, rugged, and has an Equinox membership.

Donald Trump's pick for secretary of Health and Human Services was spotted working out at the elite gym in Manhattan's swanky Hudson Yards wearing jeans and hiking boots, Page Six reported Sunday.

The 60,000-square-foot fitness complex contains both a saltwater lap pool and a heated outdoor pool, a sundeck, a restaurant, Pilates studios, and saunas. Membership costs $405 a month.

We can't know for sure why Kennedy chose that outfit, but consciously or not, it sends a certain message. The combination of denim and sturdy outdoor footwear against the backdrop of a luxury gym encapsulates his "insider-outsider vibe," which helps him to appeal to his varied audience, historians told Business Insider.

Many find it curious that Kennedy is aligned with discredited causes such as the link between the MMR vaccine and autism, while his assessment of certain health issues, such as the link between chronic disease and ultra-processed foods, seems sound. His gym clothing reflects this dichotomy.

Since the COVID pandemic, groups of people with seemingly opposing political stances have converged in unexpected ways. This includes libertarian conspiracy theorists, "crunchy" moms, and "manosphere" figures like Joe Rogan, whose views on some healthcare issues now align, Peter Knight, a professor of American Studies at the University of Manchester, in the UK, said. Kennedy, who is against fluoridated water, has promoted anti-vaccine conspiracy theories, and believes the Food and Drug Administration undermines public health, taps into all of these audiences, he said.

"This is the world that he's been moving in for a long time, and a lot of it is not preplanned, but there is an awareness of appealing to these different kinds of groups that have really come together since the pandemic," Knight said.

The 70-year-old is signaling that his brand of wellness works

Earlier this month, the swole 70-year-old shared a video in which he wore the same jeans-and-boot combo but was shirtless and flexing his muscles in an iconic body-building gym in Venice, California.

Promoting exercise — and showing off his own personal strength — is "absolutely" part of his political identity, Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, a history professor at The New School in New York City, said. It implicitly signals "the efficacy of his own unconventional ideas about health."

Other politicians, including Teddy Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Jimmy Carter, used their personal exercise routines to convey their fitness for office, Mehlman Petrzela said.

"But in doing so at the age of 70, and so clearly to show off his looks as much as his health, he is almost painting himself as superhuman, able to transcend the traditional rules of aging," she said of Kennedy.

Sonya Abrego, a design historian specializing in the history of American fashion and an assistant professor at the Parsons School of Design, said the image of Kennedy working out shirtless was reminiscent of a 1980s or '90s action-movie hero.

"Like someone who just sprung into action, ripped off a shirt, and started lifting weights," Abrego said. "I mean, obviously it's showing off the way his body looks as an older person and promoting his ideas about health and diet."

The outfit evokes traditional, rural American masculinity

While jeans are ubiquitous today, they were historically worn by blue-collar workers and they're reminiscent of the American West when worn with cowboy boots and hats, Abrego said.

For someone of Kennedy's generation, jeans and cowboy boots could still be associated with "the kind of rugged masculinity" they exude, she said: "Something of an outlier, something a little bit rebellious, especially someone coming from an elite background that he comes from."

"He's rich and cool and aspirational enough to have access to elite circles, but still sufficiently a man of the people such that he seems out of place there," Mehlman Petrzela said of Kennedy's Equinox visit.

The choice to wear jeans could be read as him positioning himself as "more of an everyman" or possibly a nod to a more rural, traditional American masculinity, Abrego said. The hiking boots also signal his connection to the outdoors and environmental causes.

"He often just dresses like a typical politician in a suit," Mehlman Petrzela said. "So it does feel like an intentional break from how he presents publicly. It also sort of tracks with his unusual and often kind of inconsistent persona and ideals."

• Gut health is a key cornerstone of our overall health as it can affect many bodily systems.
• A diet high in fiber, fermented foods, and polyphenols can help support a healthy gut microbiome.
• Emily Leeming, a gut health expert and dietitian, sees her breakfast as a chance to boost her fiber intake.

A gut health scientist and dietitian shared the two breakfasts she often eats to help boost her gut microbiome.

Gut health is a key cornerstone to overall health because it is thought to influence everything from the immune and endocrine systems to the brain, Emily Leeming, a gut microbiome researcher at King's College London and a former private chef, told Business Insider. Experts consider a gut that contains a diverse community of microbes healthy.

What's great about the gut microbiome, the name for the trillions of microbes that live in the gut lining, is that what we eat shapes it, Leeming, who is based in London and the author of "'Genius Gut: The Life-Changing Science of Eating for your Second Brain," said.

Eating a diet packed with fiber, polyphenols — the compounds that contribute to the pigment in many fruits and vegetables — and fermented foods, can help those microscopic bugs thrive, she said.

Leeming sees her first meal of the day as a key time to boost fiber by adding some veggies or fruits if she's preparing something sweet. She also tries to get around 20 to 30 grams of protein in each meal, including breakfast.

"It's those simple small changes that we make on a regular basis that actually have the most impact," Leeming said.

She combines all those elements while making her meals taste great.

"Food has to taste delicious, otherwise life is sad," she said.

Roasted veggies and eggs on rye pumpernickel toast

Leeming is a big fan of pumpernickel rye bread as it's high in fiber. "For one slice, it's around seven grams of fiber," she said.

She loves to pair it with roasted vegetables and eggs. She places them all in a small oven dish and roasts them for 15 minutes at 392 degrees Fahrenheit.

"At the moment, I've been doing zucchini and baby tomatoes," she said, adding that she mixes in harissa and crumbles feta cheese on top.

At the end, she sprinkles some mixed seeds on top for added fiber and protein.

"What's really surprising to many people is that whole grains, beans, nuts or seeds actually tend to contain much more fiber than fruits and vegetables, although of course we still need to get fruits and vegetables," she said.

Overnight oats

Overnight oats prepared in batches are another breakfast favorite, Leeming said. She uses rolled oats and adds kefir, grated carrot, apple, blueberries, cinnamon, mixed nuts, chia seeds, and flax seeds.

Leeming's oats contain lots of gut-loving ingredients. Chia seeds feature about 30 grams of fiber per 100 grams, and berries tend to be higher in fiber than other fruits because they contain seeds, she said. They're also high in polyphenols.

She opts for kefir, a fermented milk drink, instead of yogurt because it tends to contain more probiotics, the good microbes.

• In 2018, Madalin Giorgetta was a fitness influencer with one million followers.
• She looked healthy online, but struggled to eat nutritious food in real life.
• After training as a nutritionist, she found ways to add more nutrients to the foods she loves.

In 2018, Madalin Giorgetta was an influencer with one million followers on social media, an ambassador for the clothing brand Gymshark, and the owner of a fitness empire. She embodied the curvy, muscular, beauty ideal of the late 2010s and would get 60,000 likes on a bikini photo shared on Instagram.

She looked the part of the "fitness girlie" who meal-prepped with "clean" food. But behind the scenes, she was struggling both with her nutrition and body image.

"Before I got into fitness, I didn't look at my body that much. My body was my body. But when I started constantly looking at it in the mirror and taking photos of it, I became very fixated on everything," Giorgetta, 35, who is based in Melbourne, told Business Insider.

After reaching a breaking point in 2019, Giorgetta reevaluated her content, which she realized subconsciously celebrated thinness. "It was clear to me that I was telling people that their body wasn't good enough and needed to change," she said.

Giorgetta took two big steps. She overhauled her social media accounts to promote anti-diet culture messages, earned an undergraduate degree in nutrition in 2023, and registered with the Nutrition Society of Australia. She sees one-to-one clients remotely and shares educational nutrition content on Instagram.

"Even though I don't make nearly the same money, not having to sacrifice my values feels good. Before I felt like I would have to really convince myself into it or not question it at all. This feels right now," she said.

Giorgetta shared how she used to eat when she was a fitness influencer and what her diet looks like now.

Giorgetta was a 'neglectful' eater

Despite looking the picture of health, Giorgetta said she ate barely any nutritious food at the peak of her career as a fitness influencer and didn't eat enough for her training program. In a typical week, she did resistance training four times a week for 45 to 60 minutes.

She described her eating style as "neglectful," with minimal structure and little focus on nutrition. "I would just grab something quick from the fridge, often preferring simple foods like cheese on toast," she said.

Although she promoted a lifestyle of eating more calories and more nutritious food online, she struggled to eat that way herself most of the time. As a result, she often felt tired and lacked energy.

On an average day, she used to eat:

• Post workout: A protein shake with milk, peanut butter, and banana
• Breakfast: Buttered toast with jam and honey
• Lunch: Snacks, such as cheese and crackers
• Dinner: Whatever her husband made, which was usually a Hello Fresh meal or a cheese toastie
• Dessert: Ice cream

She adds nutrients to meals and snacks she likes

Since training as a nutritionist, Giorgetta has prioritized eating a more balanced diet, but it's not "perfect."

She said that she implements strategies that help her get enough nutrients throughout the day, while working around her natural eating habits and preferences. She doesn't follow any particular eating plan.

"I often gravitate toward simple foods like toast with spreads, but now I've tried to implement small changes which don't overwhelm me," she said.

She eats a substantial breakfast, has nutrient-dense snacks, and adds extra protein or fiber to meals. "Instead of having toast with jam, I now have toast with eggs, and instead of a plain cheese toastie, I'll add salad," she said.

Giorgetta strength trains three to four times a week, but also runs once or twice a week. She fuels her body depending on the workout she's doing: for example, she eats a carb-heavy meal or snack before running.

On an average day, she now eats:

• Breakfast or post-workout: Buttered wholemeal toast with cheesy scrambled eggs and avocado
• Snack: Cucumbers and tzatziki dip
• Lunch: A salad sandwich with shredded cheese, lettuce, avocado, red onion, grated carrots, and garlic aioli
• Snack: Greek yogurt, canned peaches, and honey
• Dinner: Green tofu curry with mixed veggies (corn, cauliflower, and peas) and a side of rice
• Dessert: Ice cream or a homemade baked good

• Ulku Dogan had surgery to make her eyes blue after wearing colored contact lenses for years.
• Keratopigmentation involves making a channel in the cornea and placing colored dye inside.
• The procedure has gained traction online but isn't FDA-approved.

For 20 years, Ulku Dogan, a wealth advisor in San Francisco, wore colored contact lenses because she longed to have blue eyes.

Seven weeks ago, her dream came true when she flew to New York and paid $12,000 for surgery to permanently change her eye color from brown to blue.

"I feel confident, very happy. It is the best investment I've ever done for myself," Dogan, 49, told Business Insider. "I wish I had done this 10 years ago."

To change her eye color, Dr. Kevin Niksarli, one of a handful of ophthalmic surgeons in the US to offer cosmetic keratopigmentation, used a laser to poke two holes in her corneas, the clear, outermost part of the eye. This creates a channel that sits atop the colored part of the eye, which is then filled with dye.

Niksarli has been performing corneal laser eye surgeries for 30 years and started offering the procedure to patients in 2023. At his clinic, Manhattan LASIK Center, patients can choose from 11 shades, including emerald green, lagoon, and honey.

First, he colored Dogan's left eye. He let her assess it and asked if she wanted to make any changes to the shade before moving on to the right eye.

"I'm like, 'Doctor, can you go a little brighter?' And then he went a little brighter, and I loved it," Dogan said.

Though keratopigmentation is not FDA-approved, interest in the procedure is growing. In a medical context, it's used to treat patients with iris loss, damage, or trauma. But TikTok videos showing before-and-after images of patients who've undergone the procedure for aesthetic reasons have racked up millions of views.

Dr. Alexander Movshovich, who in 2019 became the first doctor to offer the procedure cosmetically in the US, saw 15 patients in his first year, he told The Wall Street Journal. He's now performed the procedure over 750 times, he told Ophthalmology Times.

"This procedure is safe and that was proven in the peer review literature," Movshovich told BI in an email, noting that people with chronic eye diseases would need to have an individual consultation to assess whether they would be a good candidate.

The American Academy of Opthalmology warns against cosmetic eye treatments

The permanent procedure is painless and fast, said Dogan, who experienced no side effects other than discomfort on the first night and some light sensitivity for a few days.

Some doctors, however, argue that there isn't enough evidence that the benefits of cosmetic eye surgery outweigh the known and potential long-term risks.

In January, the American Academy of Ophthalmology warned that keratopigmentation could cause infections, light sensitivity, and damage to the cornea that could lead to cloudiness, warpage, fluid leakage, or vision loss.

"Patients contemplating these procedures for cosmetic reasons alone must weigh these serious risks against the potential gain," the AAO said.

In a 2021 study published in the Journal of Cornea and External Disease, 12 out of 40 keratopigmentation patients experienced light sensitivity in the first month. Five said the pigment faded or changed in color after 29 months, and one who had previously had Lasik, a type of vision-correction surgery, developed corneal ectasia, a condition that causes the cornea to thin and bulge outward. All of the participants said they were satisfied with the cosmetic results.

"Personally, if it were me, I would rather use colored contacts for a cosmetic benefit instead of putting myself at risk of long-term side effects that we don't even know because research hasn't even been able to go that far," Dr. Julian Prosia, a board-certified optometrist in Canada, said in a TikTok video.

In a letter sent to the AAO in July, Movshovich and three other ophthalmologists who provide or research the procedure said that many of the possible risks listed on the AAO warning "have never occurred with keratopigmentation" and are "not founded on fact."

The AAO told BI that it stands behind the evidence provided. "Everything in life has some degree of risk, including getting out of bed in the morning. The question is how common, severe or reversible are the adverse outcomes compared to potential benefits or alternatives. The calculus for medical/therapeutic applications is completely different from that for cosmetic procedures," Stephen D. McLeod, CEO of the AAO, told BI in an email.

Dogan was willing to take the risk

Dogan had looked into iris implant surgery, in which an artificial iris made of silicone is inserted into a slit cut into the cornea and adjusted to cover the natural iris. But the procedure wasn't offered in the US at the time, and she deemed it too risky. In January, the AAO warned against iris implant surgery, which it said could cause permanent damage, vision loss, and glaucoma.

She hadn't heard about keratopigmentation until a trusted friend who's a plastic surgeon had the procedure.

"He got his eye colored, and I'm like, 'What else do I need?'" Dogan said. "It's confirmed results." She quickly booked an appointment with his surgeon.

Although Dogan was aware of the potential risks of the surgery, she chose to go ahead and is pleased with her results.

"When people ask me now, 'Do you have contact lenses?' I can say, 'No, these are my eyes,'" she said.

• More adults under the age of 65 are having strokes, according to the CDC.
• Actor Jamie Foxx shared on Tuesday that he had a stroke in 2023.
• To lower the risk of stroke, a neurologist advised stopping smoking, eating healthy, and doing daily cardio.

Jamie Foxx said that he had a stroke at the age of 55 last year, amid a trend of more younger adults experiencing the condition.

Strokes, which occur when a part of the brain doesn't have enough blood flow, are life-threatening and most common in older people. But strokes in people under 65 increased by around 15% in the US from 2011 - 2013 to 2020 - 2022, a CDC study, published May 23, found. This corresponds with a rise in cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity among younger, working-age adults, it said.

If brain cells go too long without oxygen, they die, which can lead to permanent damage and the loss of certain abilities like speech or sight, according to The Cleveland Clinic. That's why acting fast and educating the public about stroke risk factors are crucial, the study said.

The fifth leading cause of death in the US in 2021, stroke also cost the country about $56.2 billion between 2019 and 2020, according to the CDC.

In his Netflix comedy special "What Had Happened Was," which premieres Tuesday, Foxx, now 56, said he was hospitalized after complaining of a bad headache and passing out while on set. He said he was unconscious for weeks and couldn't remember 20 days during that period. The stroke was caused by a brain bleed, he said.

It's unclear what contributed to Foxx experiencing a stroke.

Researchers are working to uncover what's behind the uptick in strokes among younger adults, but possible factors could include pollution and stress, Dr. Neshika Samarasekera, a clinical neurologist, researcher, and senior clinical lecturer at the charity Stroke Association, told Business Insider.

While stroke can affect anyone at any age, there are things you can do to lower the risk, she said.

Stop smoking

"Firstly, if you're smoking, stop," Samarasekera said.

Smokers are around three times more likely to have a stroke than non-smokers, and twice as likely to die from a stroke, according to the Stroke Association. This is because tobacco smoke contains thousands of harmful chemicals that, when inhaled, enter the bloodstream and damage cells all around the body.

Smoking can reduce oxygen levels in the blood, increase blood pressure, trigger atrial fibrillation, a type of irregular heartbeat, raise levels of 'bad' cholesterol, and raise the risk of a blood clot, according to the charity. These are all known stroke risk factors.

Some risk factors, such as age and genetic disposition, are out of our control so it's important that we try to reduce the ones we can control, Samarasekera said.

Eat five portions of fruit and vegetables a day

Eating a healthy diet can help reduce stroke by keeping risk factors under control.

Samarasekera recommended eating five portions of fruit and vegetables a day, with a focus on colorful vegetables such as broccoli and carrots, which are packed with antioxidants.

There's evidence to suggest that inflammation plays a role in causing stroke, and "antioxidants, put simply, help to mop up that inflammation," she said. They are also nutrient-dense and contain dietary fiber.

The American Heart Association recommends limiting ultra-processed foods, alcohol, and foods with lots of added sugar and salt.

Get your heart rate up every day

Samarasekera said that ideally, everyone should aim to do 30 minutes of moderate exercise that gets their heart rate up each day.

"Something that does visibly increase your heart rate, be that brisk walking, be that running," she said.

Aim to up your heart rate in a "graded way," she said: "you don't want people going from zero to really pushing themselves."

Doing 30 minutes of exercise five times a week is thought to reduce the risk of stroke by 25%, according to the World Stroke Organization.

This is because it plays an important role in reducing several stroke risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, and cholesterol.

The AHA recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous physical activity a week.

• Science-washing is when a company markets itself as science-backed without proper research.
• Some companies attach doctors to a product to give it credibility or cherry-pick research.
• A nutritionist who works in the industry explained how to notice these tricks.

A nutritionist who works in the food industry broke down the marketing tricks companies use to make them seem more grounded in science than they are.

The global wellness industry is now estimated at $6.3 trillion, giving companies lots of incentives to draw in consumers even if the science behind their products isn't solid — a process called science-washing.

Emily Prpa, a nutrition lecturer at King's College London who also works in the food industry, described them in a call with Business Insider.

Trick 1: Skipping proper research

Prpa said the first thing you should do when deciding if a product is worth buying is check if the company is doing its own research.

Firsthand research is expensive, and companies often cobble together existing studies to back up their products.

For example, they could cite the benefits of individual ingredients without actually assessing whether the combination in their product is effective.

This is especially prevalent with greens powders, which contain lots of different vitamins, minerals, and probiotics.

"A lot of the time, I see that they have vitamins and minerals that compete for the same absorption channel, so actually you're not going to be getting the exact dose that they say you will on the packet," she said.

Companies can also cherry-pick which studies they include, she said, ignoring unfavorable research.

If a company has funded independent clinical trials to test their product, they're likely to make that clear on their website, Prpa said. "They'll often be very proud to state that because it's giving them that distance and showing that this isn't biased."

Trick 2: Flashy endorsements

Sometimes a company will attach a doctor or other professional to a product. They might bring them on as a scientific or medical advisor or publicize that they endorse the product.

This can give the consumers the impression that the company is credible, but that's not always the case, Prpa said. "Does that product really hold up to the claims on the website?"

It isn't necessarily a red flag if a doctor is the face of a product, Prpa said, but that alone does not mean a product has health benefits.

"You are not buying the medic as your private consultant, you are buying a product," she said.

Trick 3: Promises that sound too good to be true

It sounds simple: if a product is marketed as a fix for stacks of health problems, it's probably overpromising.

"I don't know a product or an app on the market that can simultaneously lower blood sugars, improve sleep, improve cognition, and focus," Prpa said. "If it is sounding too good, it probably is."

• Looking after our musculoskeletal health can help us stay strong and active as we age.
• Dr. Vonda Wright is an orthopedic surgeon specializing in healthy aging.
• She lifts heavy weights and does a weekly jumping practice to age well.

A muscle and bone doctor who specializes in healthy aging shared her weekly workout routine, which helps her maintains strength and mobility as she ages.

Dr. Vonda Wright, 57, is a Florida-based, double-board-certified orthopedic surgeon, who helps elite athletes, including Olympians and World Rugby Sevens players, optimize their performance.

In our 30s and 40s, we naturally start to lose muscle mass, which is crucial for continuing to do everyday movements, such as standing up from a chair. The process picks up between the ages of 65 and 80.

It's important to stay active to prevent our bones and muscles from weakening, and those who lead a sedentary life with eventually lose strength and balance and start to topple over or shuffle when they walk, Wright told Business Insider.

Around 12% of US adults older than 50 have osteoporosis, and 43% have low bone mass, a precursor to osteoporosis, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. But exercising greatly decreases the risk, Wright said

"Musculoskeletal aging and healthy aging is a lifelong pursuit," she said. "Just show up every day for yourself."

The "critical decade" for people to start developing habits that will allow them to live healthy, active lives into old age is between the ages of 35 and 45, said Wright, the author of "Fitness After 40,"

"70 to 80% of how we age is due to the lifestyle choices," Wright said.

With that in mind, she exercises five to six days a week, including cardio and strength training.

Powerlifting

Wright recommends that everyone learns to lift weights to build and maintain muscle mass.

She is a fan of powerlifting, which consists of deadlifts, bench presses, and squats. She does four sets of four reps of each and ensures she challenges herself with heavy weights.

"I can do four with good form. I'm exhausted. I may be able to do five, but I cannot do six. If I can do that, it's too light, and I need to go up," she said.

Alongside these, she does some accessory lifts, which are targeted at individual or smaller muscle groups, typically focusing on her biceps, triceps, lats, and deltoids. She does four sets of eight reps.

Running with the 80/20 rule

When it comes to aerobic exercise, Wright follows the 80/20 rule, meaning she does low-intensity training, also known as zone 2 training, 80% of the time and high-intensity training the remaining 20%.

Research suggests this approach builds endurance and improves cardiovascular health.

"For everyone, the very beginner runner to the most elite athlete, longer runs where you're maintaining a low heart rate are really beneficial for building aerobic endurance," Dr. Morgan Busko, a sports medicine physician at NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, previously told BI. "By running slower for longer periods, you're setting yourself up to be able to run faster."

Wright typically runs on a treadmill for 45 minutes at about 60% of her maximum heart rate, and twice a week, she ends with some speed training. She sprints as fast as she can for 30 seconds four times.

"When you sprint like that and you really push yourself, no matter what age you are, you kind of feel like a badass," she said.

Jumping practice

To maintain bone density, everyone needs a jumping practice, Wright said, particularly if you sit at a desk all day. This can be jumping off a box, jumping rope, or even running up the stairs hard, she said.

She does box jumps between lifts twice a week and gets up from her desk and jumps up and down 20 times during the day. "My patients are used to seeing me jump around," she said.

In a 2009 study published in the journal Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, Wright and her colleagues measured the bone density of 560 senior athletes with an average age of 65.9. They found that those who did high-impact sports, such as volleyball, basketball, and running, had the highest bone density.

When a person has low bone density their risk of breaks and fractures, as well as osteoporosis, increases.

• Townsend Davis and his wife had been married for 10 years when she was diagnosed with Alzheimer's.
• He told The New York Time's Modern Love podcast he started a relationship while caring for his wife.
• Davis said his new partner felt like an interloper at first, but now the "unorthodoxy" is normal.

Townsend Davis, who lives in Brooklyn, New York, and his wife Bridget had been married for a decade when she was diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's in June 2015.

She was 51, Davis told The New York Times Modern Love podcast.

Nearly 10 years after the diagnosis, Davis started a new relationship with another woman while still caring for his wife. Now, the three of them are navigating an unorthodox life together.

Early signs of memory loss

Davis first noticed something was off in 2013 when Bridget, who was typically organized, started having trouble managing her calendar.

He told the podcast she missed appointments or forgot playdates for their two kids. Her cognition continued to deteriorate and she was diagnosed with early on-set Alzheimer's in 2015.

Alzheimer's is a progressive disorder that affects a person's memory, thinking, and behavior. Around one in nine Americans over 65 live with the condition, but cases in people under 60 are rare.

Around 200,000 Americans are estimated to have early-onset dementia, according to a 2024 report from the Alzheimer's Assocation.

By May 2022, Davis said Bridget confused him for their female housekeeper. "She was not seeing me as her husband," Davis told the podcast.

Shortly after Bridget was diagnosed, she told Davis she wanted him to meet someone else.

He never considered it until he met Deb seven years later.

Seven years into Bridget's diagnosis, Davis met someone

When Davis met Deb, a friend of a friend, he told her that he wasn't dating, although he was lonely.

He told the podcast he was still living with Bridget, but she needed full-time carers who came to the house day and night.

Deb and Davis started hanging out as friends and texting. "I was like, 'Wow, this is fun.' I forgot what this feels like," Davis said.

After a couple of months of "non-dating dating," Davis and Deb's relationship became romantic.

Davis felt "alive and electrified" by the new relationship and said caring for Bridget and dating Deb at the same time was easier than he'd thought.

Davis told the podcast, "I can still do her pillbox. I can still talk to her. I can still hold her hand, do all the things that we do. And I was like, maybe this can work."

Three months later, he told Bridget that he had a new partner but would stay married to her and look after her "until the end."

He said he was unsure if she fully understood but responded, "I think that's a good idea."

Deb found their relationship hard at times

That year, Davis brought Deb to the family Thanksgiving. Bridget was there with her carer and their two sons, William and Teddy. Deb told Davis afterward that she felt like "an interloper."

"She just had these feelings of trespassing on our family tradition," he said. Deb had said she was OK with not getting married, but after Thanksgiving, she admitted the situation was difficult, and their romance felt limited.

"I tried to reassure her," Davis said.

All 3 adults plan to live in the same apartment building

Since that dinner, Bridget and Deb have spent more time together, and their unusual setup seems to be working. "That lack of orthodoxy seems to be something that is very routine for us," Davis said.

Bridget now lives in an apartment in the same building as Davis, who lives in their original place. Davis said that while Deb helped move Bridget, his wife told his new girlfriend she was "a good person."

Davis told the podcast that Deb plans to move in with him after they renovate the apartment to make it feel like a new home.

"I can't imagine my life without either of them, really, at this point," Davis said.

• Preventive health tests that bypass a person's regular healthcare provider are a growing market.
• This trend made a Business Insider health reporter fear she was unknowingly unhealthy.
• A buzzy health test gave her the all clear but felt like a waste of money.

It was a Friday afternoon in London's financial district, and I was standing barefoot on a scale, blood freshly extracted from my arm.

I'd just spent £65, around $80, at a private clinic on a buzzy preventive health test to check my heart health, diabetes status, blood, inflammation level, and body composition.

I stay on top of health trends as a reporter at Business Insider, and, despite being only 27, I'd become increasingly paranoid about the poor health indicators you can't see, such as high cholesterol or visceral fat, which surrounds the organs and increases the risk of heart disease, cancer, and type two diabetes.

The rise of wellness culture, preventive medicine, longevity treatments, and misinformation on social media made knowing how to care for my health confusing. I might be eating lots of fiber and vegetables, but am I spiking my glucose levels too much? And is my gut microbiome diverse enough? I work out, but is my VO2 Max high enough? Is my muscle-to-fat ratio OK?

Adding fuel to the fire, as a health reporter, I'm also acutely aware of the unavoidable elements of modern life that can impact our health. From the ultra-processed foods linked to 32 health problems that make up 73% of the US food supply to the endocrine-disrupting microplastics that have been found all over the human body to how sitting at a desk all day can increase the risk of early death.

It feels like there's an endless list of bodily systems and functions to consider, and all of this culminated in a quiet but persistent voice in my head that worried, "Even though I seem healthy on the outside, am I really?"

To soothe that anxious voice, I booked an appointment with a company that provides a wide range of direct-to-consumer health tests, which can be done at home or in one of their clinics. These are widely available in the UK, where healthcare is free at the point of delivery via the National Health Service, and in the US and other countries.

I chose the most basic in-clinic test because it was the cheapest option, and I've struggled to take my own blood at home. But there was a similar general at-home health test that cost $82.

Such at-home and clinic-based direct-to-consumer tests, which involve little or no involvement from a healthcare professional, are becoming increasingly available — with the market forecast to be worth $2 billion by 2025, according to a 2023 research letter published in JAMA Internal Medicine. While such tests provide accurate results, experts say it's debatable whether they are useful for the average consumer or feed on health anxiety.

Healthcare companies are capitalizing on the boom in at-home testing

Since COVID, interest in health and wellness has skyrocketed. The global wellness industry is now estimated to be worth $6.3 trillion, up from $4.2 trillion in 2018, according to a report issued this year from the Global Wellness Institute, and it has become more common to do health tests at home.

"We all got quite used to testing ourselves regularly, and now we think, 'OK, so if I did it for that, why not for other things?'" Annette Plüddemann, a senior research fellow at the Center for Evidence-based Medicine at the University of Oxford, told Business Insider.

Companies have jumped on the bandwagon because there's money to be made, Plüddemann, who studies the evidence for diagnostic tests and technologies and whether they provide health benefits, said.

With a quick Google search, you can find tests for almost anything and get them delivered straight to your door. Meanwhile, luxury longevity-based healthcare companies such as Canyon Ranch in Arizona offer in-depth diagnostic testing retreats costing $20,000 for four days. And luxury hotels such as One&Only, Four Seasons, and Six Senses are adding these services to their offerings.

The test results were reassuring, but I felt like I wasted my money

A few days after I had my blood taken, my height, waist, and hips measured, and my body mass weighed, I received an email with a 15-page report detailing my results. I was relieved to learn that there was nothing to be concerned about. My good cholesterol was slightly low, as was my platelet count, but that was all.

I also had a remote appointment with a doctor from the clinic to discuss my results, and she assured me that my health was good overall. Essentially, no notes. That cost me another £60 (approximately $76).

I did feel reassured, and in all honesty, it has squashed my worries. So I am happy I did it.

But I questioned if I had wasted my money as a young, fit person. I paid $156 to have tests that I didn't need, to ease anxiety created by the idea that knowing for sure would make me healthier.

The noise around preventive medicine made me think that regular exercise, good sleep hygiene, and a healthy diet weren't enough.

I may have felt differently if the results were concerning.

More testing isn't necessarily better

People tend to think that tests can only do good, but unnecessary health testing can actually be harmful, Plüddemann said. Results can be inaccurate, leading to a false sense of reassurance or misdiagnosis, and when done outside a clinical setting, you don't always have a doctor to contextualize the results, she said.

Plüddemann added that despite the notion that tracking all of our health markers will lead to longer, better lives, there's good evidence to suggest that general health checks don't necessarily improve a person's health outcomes.

"Whether people have been either given a health check or not, overall, hasn't meant they necessarily live longer or better lives," she said.

In a 2023 study published in the journal BMJ Open, researchers in Australia looked at 103 types of direct-to-consumer tests and 484 individual products ranging in price from 13 Australian dollars ($8.44) to $AUS1,947 ($1,264). The researchers found that 11% of the tests were likely to benefit most consumers.

The authors wrote for The Conversation: "Direct-to-consumer tests might seem like a good idea, but in most cases, you'd be better off letting sleeping dogs lie if you feel well or going to your GP if you have concerns."

Testing when you have symptoms, are at risk for a certain condition, or are following population-wide medical advice like getting a colonoscopy from the time you're 45 is important and can be life-saving.

But getting tested when I had no reasonable basis for worrying about being unhealthy felt like it was more beneficial to the company's health than mine.