The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is having a huge impact on cervical cancer prevention among young women, a U.S. government report published Thursday suggests.

Why it matters: The CDC report showing rates of precancerous lesions among women aged 20-24 screened for cervical cancer from 2008-2022 fell by about 80% comes days after Robert F. Kennedy Jr., who once called the HPV vaccine "dangerous and defective," was confirmed as health and human services secretary.

• During questioning from senators ahead of his confirmation, Kennedy said he was divesting his financial interest in legal challenges against Gardasil, an HPV vaccine made by Merck.

By the numbers: Human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the U.S. and the virus is responsible for some 10,800 cases of cervical cancer every year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Zoom in: The CDC report found drops in precancerous lesion rates in other age groups screened, falling 37% among women who were 25 to 29 years old for the same period.

• "Observed declines in cervical precancers are consistent with HPV vaccination impact and support Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations to vaccinate children against HPV at age 11–12 years with catch-up through age 26 years," the CDC said.
• "The data are consistent with a considerable impact from the U.S. HPV vaccination program on cervical precancers, with the largest decreases in the youngest age group for which benefit of vaccination would first be observed."

The bottom line: The CDC findings add to growing global evidence that the uptake vaccine is helping to cut cases of cervical cancer.

• Cancer-prevention researcher Jane Montealegre told AP the rise in uptake of the safe, effective HPV vaccine can be credited for the substantial drop in precancerous lesions.
• "This should reassure parents that they're doing the right thing in getting their children vaccinated against HPV," added Montealegre, of MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas.

Go deeper: FDA cancels meeting to pick flu vaccine strains for next winter

Editor's note: This article has been updated with more details from the report.

Mexico extradited 29 people accused of being involved in drug cartels to the U.S. on Thursday, the Department of Justice announced.

The big picture: The move is a part of President Trump's vow to crack down on cartels for what he called in an executive order a "campaign of violence and terror" that saw him designate eight drug cartels as global terrorist organizations last week.

Driving the news: The 29 people taken in U.S. custody Thursday face charges in various districts relating to racketeering, drug-trafficking, murder, illegal use of firearms, money laundering and other crimes, per the DOJ.

• They include leaders and managers of drug cartels recently designated as "Foreign Terrorist Organizations" and "Specially Designated Global Terrorists," like the Sinaloa Cartel.
• Among them is infamous drug lord Rafael Caro Quintero, who was wanted in the U.S. for allegedly being involved in the kidnapping and killing of an undercover DEA agent.
• "These defendants are collectively alleged to have been responsible for the importation into the United States of massive quantities of poison, including cocaine, methamphetamine, fentanyl, and heroin, as well as associated acts of violence," the DOJ said.

What they're saying: "As President Trump has made clear, cartels are terrorist groups, and this Department of Justice is devoted to destroying cartels and transnational gangs," Attorney General Pam Bondi said in a statement.

Go deeper: Who are the Latin American cartels the U.S. labeled as terrorist organizations

Elon Musk called Thursday for retired air traffic controllers to consider returning to work amid staffing shortages — but a federal law means doing so isn't so simple.

The big picture: Hiring shortages have long plagued air traffic controllers in already stressful roles overseeing critical airspace, but the job is under more scrutiny following a deadly midair collision at Reagan National Airport and several other close calls between aircraft at other U.S. airports.

• "There is a shortage of top notch air traffic controllers," Musk posted on X Thursday. "If you have retired, but are open to returning to work, please consider doing so."

Context: Despite Musk's request, U.S. law requires that air traffic controllers retire by "the last day of the month" in which they turn 56. The Transportation secretary can exempt controllers "having exceptional skills and experience" from automatic separation — but only until that person is 61.

• Air traffic controllers must also pass annual medical examinations with strict physical requirements, like having 20/20 vision, sufficient hearing and proper blood pressure levels.

Driving the news: Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy on Thursday announced a plan to "supercharge" controller hiring that would shave steps off the hiring process and increase starting salaries.

Catch up quick: Duffy said in an interview on Fox News earlier this month that he plans to "make an offer" to air traffic controllers to let them stay longer, past the mandatory retirement age of 56.

• But the National Air Traffic Controllers Association, the union that represents the country's air traffic controllers, told Flying Magazine Duffy's suggestion is not the answer to filling thousands of shortages.
• "The solution to the ATC staffing crisis is a long-term commitment to hiring and training and the retention of the experience of all the highly skilled, highly trained air traffic controllers," the union said, noting in the next year, just dozens of air traffic controllers across 35 facilities will reach 56.

Zoom out: The Federal Aviation Administration has tried to bolster recruitment efforts amid ongoing staffing and retention issues, but applying to be a controller and becoming one are two very different things.

• It's a long, strenuous training process that can take up to three years, according to a 2023 inspector general report. And given the mandatory retirement age, the FAA must grapple with constant attrition.
• On top of that, the Trump administration's upheaval of the federal government and deep cuts could further complicate recruitment, Axios' Alex Fitzpatrick notes.

Catch up quick: Hundreds of FAA employees were fired earlier this month amid the large-scale reductions that have rocked the federal workforce.

• But Duffy clarified that "[z]ero air traffic controllers and critical safety personnel" were let go.

Go deeper: Air traffic controllers union hits back at Trump DEI comments

Editor's note: This story has been updated with a plan to increase starting salaries.

President Trump and Elon Musk's campaign to shrink the federal government will be felt far outside the nation's capital — in deep red states as well as blue.

Why it matters: Some GOP lawmakers are already hearing from constituents and raising the alarm about the haphazard way federal employees are getting canned.

Zoom in: Federal civilian jobs make up 21% of all nonfarm employment in Washington, D.C. — far more than any state, according to government data analyzed by Pew Research Center.

• The cuts will undoubtedly affect D.C., but more than 80% of federal workers live outside of the metro area, according to Partnership for Public Service.
• Of the 10 states with the greatest percentage of federal employment, six voted for President Trump and five voted for then-Vice President Harris. (Maine and Utah are tied for 10th.)
• Alaska has the fourth-highest share of federal workers. Republican Lisa Murkowski, one of the state's senators, has been outspoken about her concerns with DOGE.

Zoom out: When looking at the total number of federal workers, Washington, D.C., has the most overall, at 162,000. When looking by state, California has the most, with more than 147,000 as of last March, per Pew's data.

• California is followed by Virginia, Maryland, Texas and Florida.
• Some federal workers are also in U.S. territories or overseas. Roughly 270,000 workers are not counted as they have their locations masked for security purposes, mostly in the intelligence space.

OpenAI on Thursday released an early version of GPT-4.5, a significant update to the large language model underlying ChatGPT that OpenAI says will be better at recognizing patterns and drawing connections.

Why it matters: The release marks the next evolution of OpenAI's flagship model lineage that has been an industry front-runner since the start of the generative-AI boom.

Driving the news: This is OpenAI's largest model yet — though the company declined to offer details about its size or the computing resources it took to train it.

• GPT-4.5 should hallucinate less, follow instructions better and deliver interactions that feel more natural.
• The "research preview" version of GPT 4.5 that was released Thursday supports real-time search and image and file uploads but not voice mode, video or screen sharing.
• GPT-4.5 will be made available starting today for subscribers of the $200-per-month ChatGPT Pro and next week for other paid subscribers, including the $20-per-month ChatGPT Plus service. It's also being made available to those who pay to use OpenAI's API.

Yes, but: OpenAI noted that because it is a larger model, GPT-4.5 is more expensive to deliver.

• "GPT‑4.5 is a very large and compute-intensive model, making it more expensive⁠ than and not a replacement for GPT‑4o," it said.

What they're saying: OpenAI CEO Sam Altman wrote in a post on X, "Good news: it is the first model that feels like talking to a thoughtful person to me... this isn't a reasoning model and won't crush benchmarks. It's a different kind of intelligence and there's a magic to it I haven't felt before."

Between the lines: Until last year, much of the progress in large language models came from increasing the size of the underlying model and the amount of data used to train it.

• But that approach, known as "unsupervised learning" or "pretraining," has begun to offer diminishing returns. So the focus has switched to "reasoning" — that is, letting models take more time and use more computing resources at the time of a query to deliver a better answer.

GPT-4.5 represents OpenAI's first major move in some time at improving its AI using the former approach, scaling up the pretraining phase.

• OpenAI says the result is that GPT-4.5 has more and broader world knowledge and should have increased reliability.

What they're saying: "We're sharing GPT‑4.5 as a research preview to better understand its strengths and limitations," OpenAI said in a blog post. "We're still exploring what it's capable of and are eager to see how people use it in ways we might not have expected."

What's next: OpenAI hinted it will add reasoning improvements on top of GPT-4.5.

• The company's "roadmap" announcement earlier this month, pointing the way toward the eventual release of GPT-5, called 4.5 "our last non-chain-of-thought model."
• "We believe reasoning will be a core capability of future models, and that the two approaches to scaling — pre-training and reasoning — will complement each other," OpenAI said. "As models like GPT‑4.5 become smarter and more knowledgeable through pre-training, they will serve as an even stronger foundation for reasoning and tool-using agents."

House Republicans notched a major legislative victory this week when they passed their budget resolution. Now comes the hard part: Crafting a fiscal package that doesn't doom them in the 2026 election.

Why it matters: Some Republicans already see signs that the backlash to the Trump administration's "efficiency" efforts is spilling over into opposition to their legislative plans.

• One Republican moderate, speaking on the condition of anonymity to give candid thoughts about political concerns surrounding their party's marquee legislation, told Axios: "It could be trouble."
• "We saw what happened in 2018," the lawmaker said, referring to the midterm year in which voter anger over the GOP's legislative efforts helped Democrats flip more than 40 House seats.

Driving the news: The House voted Tuesday to adopt House Republicans' budget resolution, with all but one House Republican voting in favor of the measure and every Democrat opposing it.

• The resolution — a first step toward the hulking budget reconciliation bill Republicans hope to pass — allows $4.5 trillion in tax cuts, offset by $2 trillion in spending cuts.
• The vote came after a tortured process in which House Speaker Mike Johnson (R-La.) strained to bring together right-wing hardliners who want greater spending cuts and centrists fearful of cuts to programs like Medicaid.

State of play: After the vote, some vulnerable Republicans were quick to distance themselves from the notion that the budget measure does anything more than provide a conceptual framework for the final bill.

• "Last night's vote was just a procedural step to start federal budget negotiations and does NOT change any current laws," Rep. Rob Bresnahan (R-Pa.) said in a strident statement Wednesday morning.
• Rep. Ryan Zinke (R-Mont.), in a CNN interview, insisted there is "zero mention of cutting Medicaid" in the budget resolution — even as it calls for the Energy and Commerce Committee to seek $880 billion in cuts, some of which will likely have to come from Medicaid.

Between the lines: Republicans have been barraged the last week and a half by angry constituents at town halls and protests outside their district offices complaining about DOGE's layoffs and cuts to federal programs.

• While DOGE has been the primary target of that voter blowback, House Republicans say they have also faced plenty of flack over the prospective benefit cuts in the GOP's fiscal package.
• "Most of the concern now is over ... DOGE," said a second House Republican who spoke anonymously, "but there's also, maybe not too far behind that, the message that they are trying to get across on reconciliation."

Zoom in: Despite voting for the budget measure, moderate and swing-district House Republicans told Axios they are drawing clear red lines on what they will support in a final package.

• "If that doesn't match with what our constituents and our district is looking for, then we won't be voting for that product," said a third House Republican.
• A fourth told Axios: "I have told my leadership ... there are scores of Republicans who don't want to go further [on Medicaid] than requiring work for able-bodied adults, getting the illegals off and rooting out waste, fraud and abuse."
• "If it goes further than that," they said, "the bill is probably dead."

Yes, but: Conservatives are equally emphatic the bill must include substantial enough cuts to Medicaid to offset the increases in spending — creating a seemingly unworkable dilemma for Johnson.

• Insufficiently deep Medicaid cuts are "probably a nonstarter," said Rep. Eric Burlison (R-Mo.).
• Burlison went as far as to say Republicans "should cut more" than the budget provides for, telling Axios: "I just had people in my office say, 'You didn't cut enough.'"

What to watch: Democrats are eager to exploit Republicans' struggles as the process of crafting the final package begins.

• "Health care's gone for everyone ... we just won back the House," exulted Rep. Haley Stevens (D-Mich.) coming out of the budget vote on Tuesday.
• Democrats' House Majority PAC is circulating a memo on the vote, first shared with Axios, titled: "House Republicans Ignore Constituents, Vote For Trump-Musk Agenda."

A federal judge ordered the Office of Personnel Management on Thursday to revoke instructions to fire probationary government workers across several agencies.

The big picture: The ruling from U.S. District Judge William Alsup, which found that the firings were likely illegal, poses one of the largest hurdles yet to President Trump's goal of shrinking the federal workforce.

Driving the news: Alsup instructed OPM to rescind the Jan. 20 memo and Feb. 14 email that directed government agencies, like the Department of Defense and the Park Service, to identify which employees should be terminated.

• Alsup said in San Francisco federal court that "Congress has given the authority to hire and fire to the agencies themselves," per the Washington Post. "The Department of Defense, for example, has statutory authority to hire and fire," he continued.
• "The Office of Personnel Management does not have any authority whatsoever under any statute in the history of the universe to hire and fire employees at another agency," he added. "They can hire and fire their own employees."

Zoom in: The ruling comes in response to a lawsuit filed by unions and advocacy organizations, spearhead by the American Federation of Government Employees, which represents federal workers.

• They argued OPM broke the law in ordering agencies to terminate all probationary employees.
• "OPM, the federal agency charged with implementing this nation's employment laws, in one fell swoop has perpetrated one of the most massive employment frauds in the history of this country, telling tens of thousands of workers that they are being fired for performance reasons, when they most certainly were not," attorneys for the unions said in a court filing.

What they're saying: "We know this decision is just a first step, but it gives federal employees a respite," said Lee Saunders, president of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), one of the suit's plaintiffs, in a statement.

• "While they work to protect public health and safety, federal workers have faced constant harassment from unelected billionaires and anti-union extremists whose only goal is to give themselves massive tax breaks at the expense of working people," Saunders added.
• "We will continue to move this case forward with our partners until federal workers are protected against these baseless terminations."
• The White House and OPM did not immediately respond to Axios' request for comment in the evening.

More from Axios:

• Trump administration ordered to reinstate 6 fired federal workers
• White House orders agencies to prepare for large-scale firings
• Trump: Federal employees who didn't respond to Musk email are on firing "bubble"

Editor's note: This is a breaking news story. Please check back for updates.

The Trump administration gave an exclusive briefing Thursday to more than a dozen conservative influencers about files it plans to make public about the late financier and child sex offender Jeffrey Epstein.

Why it matters: The meeting illustrated how the Trump administration is circumventing the mainstream media and instead working with pro-MAGA social media figures to release information.

Zoom in: Rogan O'Handley (better known on X as "DC Draino") posted Thursday afternoon that he had met in the Oval Office with President Trump, Vice President Vance and Attorney General Pam Bondi — and had been given a "binder copy of the Epstein files."

• "This is the most transparent administration in American history," O'Handley wrote.
• He attached a picture of himself and other influencers smiling and holding up white binders titled "The Epstein Files: Phase 1." It was not clear what the binders contained.

Zoom out: Conservative influencers have long been fixated on Epstein, who died in prison in 2019 while facing federal charges of child sex trafficking.

• Many influencers have expressed doubt on the official medical examiner findings that Epstein — who through the years had associated with a wide range of political figures and celebrities — died by suicide.

Other social media figures present at Thursday's briefing included Collin Rugg, Isabel Brown and conservative activist Scott Presler, a person familiar with the event told Axios. Jack Posobiec, another pro-Trump influencer, also took to X to discuss the Epstein files.

• The influencers also met with Secretary of State Marco Rubio, White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt and border czar Tom Homan.
• The White House's push to include more conservative and non-mainstream outlets also has included inviting their influencers and correspondents into routine press briefings.
• This week the administration took control of the daily press pool from the White House Correspondents' Association, saying it wanted to open up pool opportunities to more outlets.

This story has been updated with news of the administration briefing the influencers on the Epstein files.

The Commerce Department has laid off hundreds of NOAA employees, many with specialized skills who work at one of the world's top climate science and weather forecasting agencies.

Why it matters: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is responsible for providing weather watches and warnings, monitoring and studying Earth's climate, as well as operating weather satellites and protecting marine life.

• The layoffs of probationary employees that began Thursday hit soon after cuts at the behest of Elon Musk's Department of Government Efficiency occurred at other climate and environment agencies.

The big picture: NOAA's missions require staff to work around the clock to monitor dangerous weather, earthquakes that could cause tsunamis, and other hazards.

• In recent weeks, NOAA's National Weather Service has issued warnings for deadly flooding in Kentucky, heavy snow, frigid temperatures and other hazards across the country.
• While NOAA had pushed for public safety exemptions from the layoffs for NWS meteorologists, not all were granted. A congressional aide reported hearing that "some" at NWS were spared but "not many."

The layoffs follow moves at other agencies across the government and are hitting employees with less than two years of service.

• Others who were promoted recently or transferred agencies can also be considered to be on probationary status.
• Sources who spoke on condition of anonymity told Axios about the layoffs.
• The cuts hit workers at NOAA headquarters, NOAA's satellites division, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in Princeton, N.J., parts of the NWS, the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, as well as divisions on the oceans side of the agency.
• Probationary employees and some supervisors in the Office of Space Commerce were let go too.

What they're saying: Lawmakers have denounced moves to lay off workers at NOAA and other Commerce agencies.

• Sen. Maria Cantwell (D-Wash.) said the move threatens safety and the economy. "This action is a direct hit to our economy, because NOAA's specialized workforce provides products and services that support more than a third of the nation's GDP," she said in a statement.
• Cantwell is the ranking member of the Senate Commerce Committee that oversees NOAA.
• Rep. Jared Huffman (D-Calif.) said in a statement Thursday, "People nationwide depend on NOAA for free, accurate forecasts, severe weather alerts, and emergency information."

Even before the layoffs, the NWS in particular was short-staffed. It isn't yet clear precisely how many forecasters and supervisors have been impacted by the cuts.

The agency had used funding from the infrastructure law and Biden climate law to bolster staffing and add more computing power to improve its weather forecast models.

• In the days leading up to the NOAA cuts, weather broadcasters and other meteorologists spoke out in favor of the agency on social media, noting its crucial role in providing accurate weather data and warnings.

Zoom out: The NOAA layoffs come amid thousands of layoffs at other climate-related agencies, including the EPA, Energy Department, Department of Agriculture and the Interior Department.

• The Interior Department layoffs include significant cuts to the National Parks Service, Bureau of Land Management, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
• The environmental group Center for Biological Diversity put the cuts at Interior as 4% of the overall department.

The intrigue: The layoffs of probationary employees with less than one to two years of service is depriving the agency of some younger employees just as older individuals have taken the government's "Fork in the Road" buyout offer.

• The downsizing is in line with similar moves across the government.

What's next: Federal agencies, including NOAA, are expected to undergo significant further cuts in the coming months as the Trump administration moves swiftly to reduce the size of the federal government.

• The entity leading the charge on this front has been billionaire Musk's DOGE, which visited NOAA's offices and gained access to some of its IT systems.
• NOAA has reportedly been asked to prepare for shaving off up to one-third of its budget, which could disrupt core functions such as weather forecasting, climate data gathering and research.

Editor's note: This story was updated with additional reporting on where specific cutbacks occurred at NOAA and with comments from Rep. Jared Huffman.

Go deeper:

Cuts drain federal government of technical expertise

NOAA told to search grant programs for climate-related terms

Scoop: Trump nominates Neil Jacobs to head NOAA

They're mere tremors at this point, not an earthquake. But worries about the outlook for U.S. economic growth are starting to mount.

Why it matters: On-again, off-again tariffs on major trading partners have added uncertainty to the business outlook, making hiring and investment decisions more complex.

• Consumers whose incomes depend on the federal government — whether as employees, contractors or benefit recipients — face the brunt of Trump administration cutbacks. This risk could make them more cautious in their spending.

State of play: Evidence these forces will restrain overall growth is only being seen in soft data so far — surveys of business and consumer sentiment, for example. The hard data shows little evidence of deterioration in spending, investment or hiring.

• But new growth worries have coincided with a steep drop in Treasury yields since the start of the year, which tends to reflect bond investors' growth expectations.

What they're saying: "With 3 million federal employees potentially worrying about their jobs and 6 million federal contractors worrying about their jobs, the risks are rising that households may begin to hold back purchases of cars, computers, washers, dryers, vacation travel plans, etc.," wrote Torsten Slok, chief economist at Apollo Global Management, in a note out Thursday morning.

• "We remain bullish on the economic outlook, but we are very carefully watching the incoming data for signs if this is an inflection point for the business cycle," he added.

Kansas City Fed president Jeff Schmid said in a speech Thursday morning that "discussions with contacts in my district, as well as some recent data, suggest that elevated uncertainty might weigh on growth."

• "This presents the possibility that the Fed could have to balance inflation risks against growth concerns."

Of note: Clients of one major bank are asking if it's time to think about using the word "recession" again.

• "As US data soften, clients have started asking us about the prospect of a US recession," wrote Barclays' Ajay Rajadhyaksha and Marc Giannoni in a note Wednesday. "We think the odds are still low, but have clearly risen."
• "A US recession remains improbable, but is no longer unthinkable in the coming quarters," they added.

Reality check: Over the last few years, amid Fed rate hikes and geopolitical strife, predictions of a major slowdown or recession have repeatedly been wrong.

• The new administration's policies also may be creating tailwinds from deregulation and the prospect of tax cuts.

The bottom line: The U.S. economy is a mighty tanker ship, almost always moving forward. But the number of warning signs that it could be pushed off-course is rising.

Investors are questioning whether Tesla's recently weakened stock and slipping sales are due to CEO Elon Musk's political involvement and online presence.

Why it matters: A vocal CEO can cast a halo or dark cloud over the company they lead, impacting their ability to attract customers, employees and investors.

Zoom in: Musk has generated endless press coverage and social media attention as the owner of X and leader of the Trump administration's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE).

• More than 300,000 media stories have been written about Musk and his DOGE activities since Jan. 1, according to Muck Rack data.
• Also since the start of the year, stories mentioning Musk and DOGE have had a readership of more than 387 million, with most of the spikes around legal proceedings and budget cut recommendations, per Memo data shared with Axios.

The big picture: CEOs across industries have become more proactive about communication — whether by embracing community engagement across social channels, modernizing earnings reports or conducting more personal, nontraditional media interviews.

State of play: Musk's political activities have triggered a partisan divide regarding consumers' views of Tesla.

• Republican favorability of Tesla hit an all-time high this month, while Democratic favorability dropped to an all-time low. This strongly suggests Musk's Trump ties are influencing consumer sentiment across party lines, per Morning Consult Intelligence data.

By the numbers: 49% of Americans hold negative views of Musk and 32% of U.S. buyers "would not consider" buying a Tesla, up from 27% a year ago, per Morning Consult.

• Repeat Tesla buyers in blue states dropped from 72% in 2023 to 65% in 2024, according to CNN.
• Meanwhile, Tesla sales are down 45% year over year in Europe and 15% year over year in China, per a recent Barron's report.

Reality check: Increased competition and macroeconomics could also be playing a part in the EV maker's tumbling sales numbers.

💭 Thought bubble from Axios' auto expert Joann Muller and energy reporter Ben Geman: Tesla has grown up and now faces the same trials as legacy automakers.

• What is unusual is bumper stickers on your customers' cars that say things like "Anti-Elon Tesla Club." One has to wonder what Musk is doing to protect Tesla's brand while he's busy attacking Washington's bureaucracy.

What they're saying: "I am completely convinced that the CEO's reputation goes along with the success of the company," says Paul Argenti, a communications professor at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College. "A well-respected CEO allows you to have a stronger management team, a clear strategic vision for the organization and they significantly influence how the company is perceived. There's no question about that."

• "It's really important to understand just how critical that senior person is as the spokesperson for the organization, the person who is responsible for and associated with the strategy of the company, and the symbol for how the company is going to perform."

Yes, but: A company's brand equity shouldn't be solely tied to one individual executive, says Argenti.

• "You don't want the CEO to be the only source of brand equity for the company," he says. "That's a disaster, and we've seen that happen before with examples like Elon Musk, Steve Jobs or Martha Stewart."
• Tesla did not return Axios' request for comment.

What to watch: All CEOs are tasked with sharing their company's transformation stories, ensuring confidence and providing stability during these uncertain times.

• The power of strategic communications could come into play for those individual CEOs leading corporate turnarounds — such as Brian Niccol at Starbucks, Kelly Ortberg at Boeing and Gil West at Hertz.

More on Axios: Tesla sales fell in 2024, missing Elon Musk's EV growth target

Leading a federal agency is an around-the-clock, full-time job, but several top Trump administration officials have picked up side hustles: leading other federal agencies at the same time.

Why it matters: At least four officials have juggled leadership posts at multiple agencies or organizations at once. Several of those have also been targeted for deep budget and staffing cuts at the direction of the White House and its Department of Government Efficiency.

• The trend serves as another example of how Trump 2.0 has re-shuffled the federal bureaucracy.

State of play: While it's not rare for acting officials to fill posts during the Senate confirmation process, Trump's approach has broken with past precedent, said Jenny Mattingley, the nonpartisan Partnership for Public Service's vice president of government affairs.

• "Dual-hatting," as she calls it, does sometimes occur in presidential administrations, Mattingley told Axios.

Yes, but: "Particularly at the beginning of an administration, you have acting officials who are in that agency — not across multiple heads of agencies," she said.

• "Being triple-hatted makes it really hard to get in and actually see the nuts and bolts" of what an agency does, Mattingley said.
• Trump's nominees have moved "fairly quickly" through the Senate, underlining the fact that the arrangements "appears to be more of an intentional choice," she added.

Marco Rubio, Secretary of State, National Archivist and head of USAID

Marco Rubio is balancing three different posts:

• He was easily confirmed as the Secretary of State, a role that's seen him travel across Latin America, engage in talks over ending the Russia-Ukraine war and navigate a fragile Middle East ceasefire.
• At the same time, he also took on the title of acting director of the U.S. Agency for International Development. That change coincided with the dramatic DOGE-led dissection of the humanitarian aid organization. Rubio said at the time that the administration had "no choice but to bring this thing under control."
• While traversing the globe, Rubio is also serving as the acting archivist of the National Archives and Records Administration, an independent agency Trump has long disliked after it alerted to the Justice Department of his alleged mishandling of classified documents. Trump fired the previous head archivist this month.
• Trump did, however, appoint Jim Byron, the the president and CEO of the Richard Nixon Foundation, to handle the "day-to-day" needs at the National Archives.

One stunning stat: Based on historical staffing levels, that would mean Rubio is overseeing a combined 90,000 employees across three agencies before factoring in DOGE's mass layoffs.

Kash Patel, running the FBI and ATF

FBI Director Kash Patel, who was narrowly confirmed by the Senate in late February, is to many experts and critics a controversial pick for the main job he was nominated to do.

• But he was also tapped to lead another federal law enforcement agency: He sworn in Monday as the acting director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, the Associated Press reported.
• The White House, in a fact sheet on Trump's executive order directing a review of second amendment infringements, argued the Biden administration had "weaponized" the ATF through regulations.
• That means Patel would concurrently be overseeing the 5,000-plus-person ATF workforce and the 38,000 people who work for the FBI.
• It's unclear what the administration plans to do with the agency after the unprecedented move of placing the FBI director at its helm.

Russ Vought, Trump's budget chief and consumer protection head

Russ Vought, Trump's budget chief, is leading several of the White House's key initiatives chipping away at the federal government.

• In doing so, he also reportedly took over as acting director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the financial watchdog that the White House railed against as a "woke, weaponized arm of the bureaucracy."
• Trump fired former CFPB leader Rohit Chopra, cutting short his term that was not supposed to end until next year.
• As acting director, Vought issued directives earlier this month freezing much of the agency's work — though the administration said in a court filing Monday that there "will continue to be a CFPB."

Zoom out: Trump earlier this month nominated Jonathan McKernan to take the reins from Vought, so his tenure at the agency may be short-lived.

• McKernan is set to testify Thursday before the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs.
• Counting Chopra, McKernan —if confirmed — would be the fourth person in the post since Trump took office: Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent was first designated as acting CFPB director before Vought filled the slot.
• CFPB's website, which on its homepage displays an error code, still has Bessent listed as acting director.

Go deeper: Behind the Curtain: Trump's boundary-busting provocations

The quality of global democracies hit an all-time low in 2024, and the U.S. continues to be seen as a "flawed democracy," according to the Economist Intelligence Unit's annual Global Democracy Index report.

The big picture: More than one-third of the world population now lives under authoritarian rule, according to the index.

• The overall global Democracy Index score has fallen from 5.52 in 2006 to a historic low of 5.17 in 2024, down from 5.23 in 2023.
• The index ranks countries on a 0 to 10 scale, based on ratings for 60 indicators that are grouped into five categories: electoral process and pluralism, civil liberties, the functioning of government, political participation and political culture.

Driving the news: Even among regions that improved or saw no change in 2024, discontented populations increasingly turned to anti-mainstream or insurgent parties.

• The U.S., which was downgraded from a "full democracy" to a "flawed democracy" in 2016, saw some positive developments in 2024, the report found, including the smooth election and political engagement. But low trust in media and institutions, political gridlock, lobbyist influence and sharp inequalities persist.
• The score for North America — where Canada is the only "full democracy" — remained unchanged.
• But the unpopularity of current prominent political leaders threatens to undermine North America's score moving forward, the index cautioned, noting that heightened cynicism toward electoral processes and possible declines in voter participation could trigger a fall.

"If insurgents come to power and fail to improve governance and deliver tangible improvements for citizens, there is a risk that disaffection and political [polarization] will grow," Joan Hoey, the director of the Democracy Index, said in a statement.

Zoom out: Western Europe was an outlier as the only region in the world that saw its average index score improve (by 0.01 points).

• Norway ranks highest in the region — and in the world — with an overall score of 9.81.
• France was downgraded from a "full democracy" to a "flawed democracy" in 2024 amid a year of political unrest and deteriorating confidence in government.

South Korea, which was among the top 10 "worst performers" in the index last year, similarly slipped into the "flawed democracy" category after the chaos that unfurled late last year following impeached President Yoon Suk Yeol's shock martial law declaration.

Yes, but: Despite the general decline, some democracies are on the rise: The Czech Republic, Estonia and Portugal moved up to become "full democracies."

Go deeper: U.S. slips to new low in international corruption index

The U.S. will raise tariffs another 10% on China on Tuesday, citing the flow of illegal drugs into the country, President Trump said.

Why it matters: It's an escalation of the growing trade war with one of the U.S.' largest trading partners.

Driving the news: Trump announced the new tariffs in a Truth Social post, and said scheduled tariffs on imports from Canada and Mexico would go into effect Tuesday as well.

Editor's note: This is a breaking news story. Check back for updates.

CBS anchor Gayle King and Lauren Sánchez, fiancé of Blue Origin founder Jeff Bezos, are heading to space in a Blue Origin flight this Spring with four other women, King announced Thursday.

Why it matters: The all-women crew will be the highest-profile mission yet for Blue Origin, which has become one of the foremost players in the commercial space industry.

Driving the news: A video announcement narrated by King on Thursday's "CBS Mornings" show revealed that the mission will take place some time this Spring.

• The other women joining the mission include: pop star Katy Perry, aerospace engineer Aisha Bowe, civil rights activist Amanda Nguyen and film producer Kerianne Flynn.
• A specific date for the launch was not announced.

What they're saying: "I'm so afraid but I'm also so excited about it," King said Thursday of the upcoming mission.

• Although she initially rebuffed the offer to go to space, King said she came around to the idea after considering "what a unique opportunity" it would be.

The big picture: Sánchez's sojourn to space has been long-anticipated. The vice chair of the Bezos Earth Fund, Sánchez has for years spoken about her plan to helm an all-women Blue Origin mission.

• The mission will also mark King's first trip into space. The news anchor interviewed Bezos back in 2021 after he returned from Blue Origin's first crewed mission.

State of play: Earlier this week the company announced that it had successfully completed its 10th crewed mission, as well as its 30th flight for its New Shepard program.

• The company hit another milestone last month when it launched its New Glenn rocket, marking its first orbital flight.

Go deeper: Bezos vs. Musk: Space tycoons with dueling visions for humanity's survival

Editor's note: This story was updated with additional quotes from King.

Most politicians agree on three truths: We have a spending problem (too much), a tax problem (too high or too low), and a debt problem (way too much).

• Yet the typical response is: Make all three worse.

Why it matters: This truism sits at the very heart of Republicans' fight over a grand budget deal. They're trying to convince their members, and the American public, that you can take in less money (taxes), spend more on defense — and somehow reduce deficits without touching the programs that cost the most.

Washington is a city of magical thinking — both parties practice it. Hence, insane deficits under Presidents Biden, Trump, Obama and Bush. We'll grow our way of it! Even if we never do.

• Washington is not a city of math thinking. It's too inconvenient to apply common-sense arithmetic. Instead, you get wonky "dynamic scoring," "budget windows" and "future growth."
• A true tell: The solution is always in a future that never comes.
• Our favorite new D.C. math: Republicans are backing word and math fog called "current-policy baseline," which allows them to "score" lower taxes as costing nothing. Why? Because they're just extending expiring tax cuts. Make sense? That's the magic of D.C. math.

The Trump/Republican budget plan is no different. It's basically a bet that lowering taxes further will juice so much growth that our math problems will ease or even disappear.

• We walked you through the spending reality in our last column. This is our attempt to explain clinically the reality of the current tax system and how Republicans want to attack it with up to $5 trillion in tax cuts.

Let's start with the indisputable facts:

• Fact 1: Republicans want to cut taxes by a minimum of $4.5 trillion over 10 years (and by a maximum topping $5 trillion). That's mainly extending President Trump's first-term Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 — which cut income taxes for most American families, and reduced the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%.
• Fact 2: Some tax cuts — like encouraging businesses to invest more in equipment and infrastructure — can juice the economy.  That's the beating heart of supply-side tax thought.
• Fact 3: Other tax cuts don't spur growth. Trump wants to exempt tip income and overtime pay from taxation, and loosen a cap on the deductibility of state and local taxes. Those provisions, Axios chief economic correspondent Neil Irwin writes, would shift the tax burden away from specific classes of people (servers, people who put in a lot of overtime, and residents of high-tax states) and leave less room for pro-growth tax cuts.
• Fact 4: Trump has tossed tariffs into the mix. In his mind, big tariffs mean other nations will pay the cost of running the U.S. government. Business leaders, mainstream economists and many Republican lawmakers view them as destructive to growth, and ultimately borne by U.S. businesses and consumers. The reason: Higher tariffs typically result in higher costs. If foreign aluminum costs 20% more, someone has to eat the costs — either the company, or you.
• Fact 5: Trump offers conflicting guidance on what he wants in terms of taxes — and any cuts to pay for all of this. He talks of returning more savings to people with tax rebates ... balancing the budget (a mathematical impossibility absent gutting social programs) ... and never touching those actual social programs.
• Fact 6: You could solve the deficit problem by raising taxes enough to erase it. Republicans hate the idea. But Democrats have long held that higher taxes on rich people and corporations could help wipe out deficits without touching social programs. No shot of that in this Congress. But it's an option!

The big picture: That's why the tax fight could consume Congress for all of 2025. It's truly epic in scale and complexity. As TD Cowen policy expert Chris Krueger puts it: A behemoth tax bill is impossible — yet inevitable.

• If Republicans fail to move a bill, taxes on American families will rise back to their 2017 levels next year — something every elected Republican views as unacceptable.
• Figuring out the details, and passing them through narrow congressional majorities, is the hard part. Democrats are likely to vote in lockstep against the legislation, seeing it as primarily benefiting the very wealthy. If the legislation is paired with Medicaid cuts, as House Republicans envision, that would further energize Democratic opposition.

How taxes work: The IRS collects around $5 trillion in annual taxes from over 200 million taxpayers. Filers who make less than $50,000 pay little to nothing in income taxes after credits and exemptions.

• The difference between what we spend and what we take in = our annual deficit. Total annual deficits rolled together over time = total debt ($36.2 trillion today).

Republicans have long argued tax cuts juice the economy with growth, creating more taxable income and wealth. Some do; some don't.

• But keep in mind: Since Trump signed his 2017 taxes into law, deficits are up 248%! So any growth they helped achieve has been swamped by spending. Hence, America's financial jam.
• The deficit is now running about 7% of GDP — roughly triple the economy's growth rate. Every year that continues, the government will be in a deeper financial hole.

The bottom line: Senate Republicans privately predict they'll punt on taxes for a bit and instead ... spend more. They want $340 billion in increased spending for defense border security and deportation efforts, TD Cowen's Krueger writes in his Washington Research Group newsletter.

• How will they pay for that? Tax cuts and spending cuts. When? Later!

Axios' Neil Irwin contributed reporting.

• Go deeper: "The four-way tug-of-war that explains Republicans' tax challenge," by Axios' Neil Irwin.

Ahead of Sunday's 97th Academy Awards, we dove into the Oscars' database to find out where past Best Actress and Best Actor winners were born.

The big picture: Hollywood may be the movie capital of the world but many of the industry's most celebrated actors aren't originally from there.

By the numbers: Just six of the 86 men who have won Best Actor and five of the 87 women who earned Best Actress were born in the Los Angeles area.

• The fine print: Multiple-time winners like Daniel-Day Lewis (London) and Katharine Hepburn (​​Hartford, Connecticut) were counted once for their respective cities.

State of play: Los Angeles takes a backseat to the New York City metropolitan area, birthplace of 11 Best Actors and seven Best Actresses.

• Other cities with multiple winners included Philadelphia, native to three Best Actor and two Best Actress winners, and San Diego, where three Best Actor winners were born.

Zoom out: By state, California led the way with 13 Best Actor and nine Best Actress recipients.

• New York state is tied with California with 13 Best Actor winners and was second with seven Best Actresses.

Zoom (further) out: 31 Best Actor winners were born outside the United States, including 17 from England.

• Meanwhile, 35 Best Actress winners hail from other countries, with 10 coming from England.

Go deeper: Where to watch 2025 Oscar-nominated movies

Last week, President Trump threatened tariffs on pharmaceuticals if manufacturers don't relocate operations to the U.S. On Wednesday, the CEO of Eli Lilly stood with Trump's commerce secretary in Washington, D.C., to announce a $27 billion plan to build four manufacturing "mega-sites" in the U.S.

Why it matters: The commitment illustrates the dance much of Big Pharma is engaged in as it tries to make inroads with a new administration bent on reshoring business activity and reducing dependence on China.

The big picture: Reshoring pharmaceutical manufacturing would be a shift for the industry, which still sources most drug ingredients from overseas and has seen its global supply chains buckle from disease outbreaks and natural disasters. Now, political winds from Washington could force a reckoning.

• Hanging over it all is Trump's focus on cracking down on economic competition from China. CEO David Ricks said his company's expansion would prove key to expanding U.S. capabilities in synthetic chemistry and reduce its reliance on foreign suppliers.
• The pharmaceutical giant — whose products include the blockbuster GLP-1 drugs Mounjaro and Zepbound — focused on its role in economic growth, saying its plan will create 3,000 jobs, as well as 10,000 construction jobs.
• "This is a national announcement, one that will catalyze American health, economic growth and global competitiveness when we see a significant ripple effect, a greater opportunity that will flow to thousands of Americans and their local communities," Ricks said.

State of play: Lilly has a wide footprint in China and most recently announced a $200 million expansion of a manufacturing site in Suzhou. It also partnered with contract research firm WuXi AppTec on the active ingredient in anti-obesity drugs and a drug for lowering blood lipids, per Fierce Pharma.

• Lilly has been on a global expansion binge, launching multibillion-dollar plant projects in Germany and Ireland, per Fierce Pharma.
• The new plants announced Wednesday will come on top of a $3 billion upgrade to an injectables facility it bought in Wisconsin, as well as two new sites in North Carolina and Indiana.
• The company would not disclose how much of Lilly's manufacturing will occur at these sites, but said the new facilities won't replace others elsewhere.

What they're saying: Ricks credited Trump's tax cuts from 2017, calling them "fundamental to Lilly's domestic manufacturing investments."

• When asked about the pain caused by tariffs, he said the company hopes medical supplies are exempt because that adds cost in the near term.
• "It's clear to everyone, including us here today, that the administration intends to use tariffs as a tool to drive the outcomes they're looking for to bring manufacturing capacity back to the U.S. In that sense, it's a stick or it's a punishment," Ricks said in response to a reporter's question.
• "But we point out here today, as a company, that actually tax reform was the carrot," he said.

Between the lines: The pharmaceutical industry has been positioning itself as a key partner for Trump in addressing chronic illness.

Yes, but: The Trump administration's pressure on the pharma industry to bring production to the U.S. may represent a shift from Trump's first term, when lowering drug prices and increasing price transparency were the stated priorities, Anna Chorniy, a health economist at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, told Axios in an email.

• Bringing production to the U.S. could ultimately result in higher production costs, which could be passed on to consumers, she said.
• Efforts to onshore drug ingredients for security purposes don't do much if they're not targeted at generic drugs, of which the vast majority come from China, said Mariana Socal, associate professor of health policy and management at Johns Hopkins University.

Amazon founder and Washington Post owner Jeff Bezos last summer privately urged Donald Trump to pick Doug Burgum as Trump's vice president, saying he'd be an "excellent" choice.

Why it matters: Bezos' phone conversation with Trump in July — detailed in my forthcoming book, "Revenge: The Inside Story of Trump's Return to Power" — was a sign that Bezos was engaging with Trump on political issues months earlier than previously reported.

• It wasn't until late October — three months later — that Bezos spiked the Post editorial page's planned endorsement of Kamala Harris for president, and his outreach to Trump came into focus.

Zoom in: The latest indication of Bezos' Trump-ward drift came Wednesday, when he announced that the Post's progressive-leaning opinion page would shift its mission to promote "personal liberties and free markets."

• The move was praised by Trump allies such as Elon Musk but created an uproar at the Post, where David Shipley, the opinion editor, resigned.

Flashback: Since he killed the Harris editorial, Bezos — like Musk, Meta's Mark Zuckerberg, Google CEO Sundar Pichai and other tech titans whose fortunes can be swayed by the president's decisions — has continued to publicly warm to Trump.

• On Nov. 6, the day after the election, Bezos praised Trump for an "extraordinary political comeback and decisive victory."
• The following month, Bezos dined with Trump at the president's Mar-a-Lago resort in Palm Beach, Florida. And in January, Bezos and his fiancée, Lauren Sánchez, attended Trump's inauguration, to which Amazon had donated $1 million.

The seeds of the Bezos-Trump alliance were planted in the July phone call. During the call, Bezos praised Trump for how he'd handled the attempt on his life at a rally in Butler, Pennsylvania.

• Bezos also told Trump that Burgum would be a great choice for VP, according to two people with knowledge of the call.
• Burgum, who was North Dakota's governor at the time and like Bezos had made a fortune in the tech world, helped arrange for the call.
• Burgum earlier had told Trump that Bezos wanted to speak with him, and had given Bezos' contact information to Trump aides so they would recognize the billionaire's number when he called.
• Trump ultimately chose Ohio Sen. JD Vance as his VP nominee. Burgum is now Trump's Interior secretary.

Bezos' overture to Trump was a shift in their once-chilly relationship.

• Bezos, who also owns a rocket company, criticized Trump for his rhetoric during the 2016 campaign and joked about sending Trump into space.
• Trump tore into Bezos throughout his first presidency. Trump, who's been divorced twice, even chided Bezos for getting divorced. Trump was deeply angered by the Post's critical coverage of him, and derided the newspaper as the "Amazon Washington Post."
• Trump at one point during his first term advocated for then-Postmaster General Megan Brennan to raise shipping rates on Amazon packages, which she pushed back on.

What they're saying: Representatives for Trump and Bezos did not respond to requests for comment. Nor did a spokesperson for the Washington Post.

This story has been corrected to say Sánchez is Bezos' fiancée (not his wife).

Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.) is privately pushing Democrats to fill their guest lists next week with people affected by federal job cuts and the funding freeze.

The big picture: Senate Democrats are planning to bring guests to President Trump's joint speech to Congress whose backgrounds connect to the results from the president's first 100 days in office.

• DOGE: The guests are expected to include a child with a genetic spinal condition who is alive because of an NIH program that was recently cut; an Army vet close to retirement who was fired from Veterans Affairs, and a fired Department of Agriculture employee who worked in rural development.
• GOP budget plans: Democrats plan to bring a person who relies on Medicaid to survive.

Between the lines: Democrats are still trying to figure out what their opposition should look like.

• Schumer's team told Democratic offices it wants their guests to get "influencer engagement" ahead of the speech.
• Senate Democrats have turned to social media as one of their main frontiers in opposing Trump's agenda.

Go deeper: Jeffries' plan to dampen Trump's first big speech