The number of Holocaust survivors globally has shrunk to 220,000 on the 80th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau, according to a new estimate.

Why it matters: The anniversary, which also commemorates International Holocaust Remembrance Day on Monday, is likely the last major milestone with the presence of child survivors — the last generation of the Holocaust.

The big picture: Survivors are scheduled to speak at commemoration events around the world as advocates race to record their testimonies and as rising antisemitism and misinformation threatens to erase their stories.

• A small number of survivors are expected to speak at the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial & Museum commemoration in Oświęcim, Poland.
• A handful of survivors will also be on hand at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.

Zoom in: About 220,000 Holocaust survivors are living across around 90 countries, according to data from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference) shared with Axios.

• That's down from 245,000 reported last year.
• The vast majority (95%) are child survivors born between 1928 and 1946.

Zoom out: International Holocaust Remembrance Day seeks to bring attention to the Holocaust that killed 6 million Jews.

• Though it's held on the anniversary of the Soviet Red Army liberating Auschwitz, it's also meant to memorialize survivors at Nazi death camps across Europe during World War II.

The latest: The Claims Conference this month launched "I Survived Auschwitz: Remember This," a digital campaign featuring Holocaust survivors who endured the extermination camp.

• The survivors respond on video to the question: Given your experience as an Auschwitz survivor, what is one specific thing...do you want people to remember for generations to come?
• "As we lose survivors, it is our responsibility to listen to their voices and carry their stories forward," Greg Schneider, executive vice president of the Claims Conference, said in a statement.

What they're saying: "I survived five concentration camps and ghettos —including Auschwitz. I know many people can't fathom what I have endured," survivor Aron Krell says in this testimony shared with Axios.

• The campaign is inspired in part by Krell's testimony about his brother, Zvi, who died from starvation after a year in the Lodz ghetto, the Claims Conference said.
• "But you can understand loving a brother like I loved Zvi, can imagine the unbearable pain that comes with losing one, and, hopefully, agree that the lessons of the Holocaust must always be remembered."

State of play: Anti-Jewish hate crimes reported to police across 20 major U.S. cities in 2023 rose 48% to a new record, according to the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism at California State University, San Bernardino.

• Elon Musk, the world's richest man, last week twice gave what scholars, journalists and rights groups said was a Hitlergruß, or Nazi salute.
• Musk then told members of the far-right, anti-immigration Alternative for Germany (AfD) party that "there's too much focus on past guilt," seemingly referring to the burden Germany carries for the Holocaust, two days before International Holocaust Remembrance Day.

Threat level: The "Index on Holocaust Knowledge and Awareness," released last week by the Claims Conference, exposed a global trend in fading knowledge of basic facts about the Holocaust.

• While Auschwitz-Birkenau is the most well-known camp, nearly half (48%) of Americans surveyed are unable to name a single camp or ghetto established by the Nazis during World War II.
• Overall, a majority of 1,000 adults surveyed in eight countries did not know that 6 million Jews were killed during the Holocaust.
• In the U.S., more than three-quarters (76%) of all adults surveyed believe something like the Holocaust could happen again today.

Investors worldwide stand to lose more than $1 trillion on Monday because of the sudden fear that the market-sustaining AI spending boom might have been for nothing.

Why it matters: The so-called Magnificent 7 stocks are heavily leveraged to hundreds of billions of dollars in planned AI investment — and the entire market, in turn, hangs on their performance.

Catch up quick: There's a global rout in tech stocks Monday, caused by a panic linked to the new Chinese AI platform DeepSeek.

• Last week the company released its R1 model, which competes with the world's very best from the likes of OpenAI and Anthropic — but it's free, open-source, and was developed at a tiny fraction of rivals' costs.

That's driving fears that the planned AI spending boom, with its hundreds of billions of dollars in capex on data centers and chips and power, might not be necessary if there's a way to do it faster, cheaper and better with old hardware.

By the numbers: As of 6am ET, shares of AI chip giant Nvidia were down more than 13% in premarket trading, implying a loss of more than $500 billion in market capitalization at the open.

• S&P 500 futures were pointing to a drop of more than 2%, an unusually heavy decline seen only a few times a year.
• ETFs linked to chipmakers, and shares in chip equipment manufacturers were broadly 8%-10% lower as well.

The Magnificent 7 stocks — Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, Meta, Microsoft, Nvidia, Tesla — were also down sharply in premarket trading, dragged lower by Nvidia but also the broad tech sell-off in general.

• Their implied loss in market capitalization at the open exceeds $1 trillion, with most of the stocks down 5% or more.

The bottom line: The S&P 500's incredible run the last two years has been heavily tied to the Magnificent 7 — but as a result, the market's gains are more heavily concentrated in that small handful of stocks than they've been in decades.

• In a period of such heavy concentration, what goes up can come down very, very quickly.

The federal government is going MAGA — fast.

Why it matters: President Trump has only been in office a week, but the departments under his command are moving with blazing speed to transform the federal bureaucracy into an army of loyalists.

• The new administration immediately moved to freeze nearly all foreign aid, root out DEI programs, remove officials and whole offices deemed ideologically suspect, and muzzle public health agencies.
• "We're getting rid of all of the cancer ... caused by the Biden administration," Trump told reporters while signing a Day One executive order that stripped employment protections from civil servants.

Driving the news: Late Friday night, the White House fired 17 inspectors general — independent agency watchdogs responsible for identifying fraud, waste and corruption.

• The mass firings, relayed via email, appear to violate a federal law that requires the administration to notify Congress 30 days before removing inspectors general.
• Amid outrage from Democrats and ethics experts, Sen. Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) — a Trump ally and longtime advocate for whistleblowers — called on the president to explain his decision to Congress.

Zoom in: DEI offices and programs have been shuttered across the government, including at the CIA, Department of Veterans Affairs, Army and Air Force, and the Federal Aviation Administration.

• Federal workers have been ordered to report colleagues who may seek to "disguise" DEI efforts by using "coded language."
• And Trump directed federal agencies to each identify "up to nine" major companies, universities or non-profits to investigate over their DEI practices.

There have been hundreds of staff removals or reassignments, including at the State Department, where far more career officers were asked to resign than in past administrations.

• The Department of Justice reassigned at least 15 senior career officials, including a top counterintelligence attorney involved in the FBI's investigation of classified documents Trump stashed at Mar-a-Lago.
• The DOJ also rescinded job offers to recent law school graduates who were placed through the Attorney General's Honors program.
• Trump's National Security Council sent home around 160 staffers while Trump officials conducted loyalty screenings to ensure they're aligned with his agenda.
• One of the administration's highest-profile firings so far was Coast Guard Commandant Adm. Linda Fagan, the first woman to lead a branch of the U.S. military. She was accused of leadership failures and an "excessive focus" on DEI at the Coast Guard Academy.

Between the lines: Trump loyalists have also moved to centralize control around public messaging, particularly when it comes to public health.

• The Department of Heath and Human Services ordered an unprecedented "immediate pause" on all health reports and social media posts through at least the end of the month, leading scientists to cancel CDC meetings on the escalating bird flu outbreak.
• The Pentagon also ordered a global pause on all official social media posts until the confirmation of Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth, who has promised a radical culture shakeup across the U.S. military.

The new administration is also moving quickly on issues including LGBTQ and civil rights.

• The State Department froze all passport applications with "X" designated as the gender.
• DOJ ordered a freeze on civil rights litigation and is weighing a potential reversal of police reform agreements negotiated by the Biden administration.
• It also ordered federal prosecutors to investigate local and state officials in so-called "sanctuary cities."
• Meanwhile, the Pentagon moved to abolish an office set up during the Biden administration focused on curbing civilian deaths in combat operations.

Zoom out: Trump made no secret of his intentions to build a MAGA-aligned federal workforce during the campaign, and he quickly imposed a hiring freeze after taking office.

• The vast majority of federal workers are career employees, not political appointments, but the president has made clear he wants them all to board the Trump train.
• His administration is currently testing the ability to email the entire federal government workforce from a single email address.

What to watch: Trump's nominee to lead the Office of Management and Budget, Russ Vought, will be a key architect of the White House's efforts to re-engineer the administrative state.

• Vought has assailed "the woke and weaponized bureaucracy," and said in a 2023 speech to his conservative think tank that he wants to put federal bureaucrats "in trauma," ProPublica reported.
• "When they wake up in the morning, we want them to not want to go to work because they are increasingly viewed as the villains," Vought said — comments he defended during his confirmation hearing.

President Trump's orders to freeze some work and communications at government health agencies and begin a U.S. pullout from the World Health Organization are rattling clinicians and researchers, who fear they're the leading edge of a broad anti-science agenda.

Why it matters: Policy experts and researchers are mobilizing for a fight over the politicization of science that stems from — and could rival — the clashes over the COVID-19 response.

State of play: Health and Human Services this week halted most outgoing communications, travel and grant reviews among its agencies — a directive that even prevented National Institute of Health researchers from purchasing supplies for clinical trials.

• Trump also blocked the disbursement of funds for global HIV work through the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, or PEPFAR.
• The administration called for the exit from WHO, directing staff to stop working with the global health agency.
• A purge of diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility programs is expected to sweep up efforts aimed at narrowing health disparities and improving diversity in clinical trials.

The tensions are likely to intensify this week as vaccine critic Robert F. Kennedy Jr. faces confirmation hearings to be the nation's top health official.

What they're saying: "Right now, it sort of feels like we are drinking from a fire hose, and I know that a lot of that is the intention of the administration," said Darya Minovi, a senior analyst at the Union of Concerned Scientists.

• "We have just seen a complete rejection of science," she said.
• The organization is mobilizing its network of roughly 20,000 members and maintaining a database of attacks on science.

An ad-hoc coalition of public health workers, researchers and patient advocates called Defending Public Health has circulated a letter with more than 700 signatures calling on senators to vote down Kennedy's nomination.

• The all-volunteer group is still sizing up where to best focus its efforts, said Gregg Gonsalves, an associate professor at the Yale School of Public Health.
• Liberal-leaning advocacy groups like Protect Our Care are also activating to oppose the Kennedy nomination.

Between the lines: Some scientists see Trump's early moves as payback to experts inside and outside the government who criticized his first administration's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

• They're particularly concerned about an envisioned overhaul of NIH, a frequent target of conservatives, which funds tens of billions of dollars of work at universities. The agency saw its grant review "study sections" frozen last week, and had to pull job ads and rescind offers, per Science.
• "This is just vengeance, as far as I'm concerned," said Jim Alwine, an emeritus professor of cancer biology at the University of Pennsylvania and a member of Defending Public Health. "I think Trump … saw the whole pandemic as a personal affront to him, and I think he's out to hurt science."

Mainstream research groups and universities so far are holding their fire.

• The Association of American Medical Colleges is reviewing the Trump orders and assessing which weigh heaviest on its members, chief public policy officer Danielle Turnipseed said in a statement.
• "I think academic research centers will speak out, but also with hesitation, because they know that their funding comes from the federal government," Lawrence Gostin, a global health law expert at Georgetown University, told Axios. "Even industry wants to be on the good side of the president."
• For his part, Gostin said he's doing what he can to foster connections between WHO leadership and members of the administration like Secretary of State Marco Rubio and RFK Jr. "How can we get a win-win?" Gostin said. "There's a deal to be made here."

To be sure, every new administration needs time to get settled, and communications pauses and policy reviews following an inauguration aren't unprecedented.

• HHS did not respond to Axios' request for comment.
• "The people voted for a different direction, so it is wise for the incoming Trump team to review and reconsider all decisions that don't reflect the incoming president's agenda," David Mansdoerfer, former deputy assistant secretary for health during the first Trump administration, told Axios.

Yes, but: Putting the brakes on NIH's work, even in the short-term, "can have a devastating effect on our nation's longer term research productivity and success," Monica Bertagnolli, NIH director under the Biden administration, wrote on LinkedIn.

• The actual impact of the freeze will depend on how long it continues, but the freeze itself may still erode researchers' trust in the administration, said Elizabeth Jacobs, a professor emeritus at the University of Arizona.

Science and civil rights groups anticipate possible legal challenges to future administration rules in the same vein, experts say.

• They'll also seek to spell out the ripple effects while clarifying how they affect medical providers, to avoid unnecessary self-censorship of research topics and medical care.

Friction point: It's notable that Trump hasn't trained his sights on the Affordable Care Act, drug prices or Medicaid, opting instead to focus on cultural flashpoints, said Larry Levitt, executive vice president for health policy at KFF.

• "Rolling behind the scenes is this potential tsunami of cuts to Medicaid, which would have big implications for the entire health care system," Levitt said.

Breakthroughs from Chinese AI startup DeepSeek have stunned Silicon Valley and could bring turbulence to Wall St, as they were accomplished at a fraction of what the U.S. giants are spending and despite export bans on top-of-the-line chips.

Why it matters: China's rapid advances suggest America's strategy of withholding technology from China might just be speeding up the evolution of its rival's AI knowhow.

• DeepSeek's rise is alarming the likes of Meta, which announced Friday that it plans $60-$65 billion in capital investment this year as it scales up its own AI projects.
• But it could potentially also be bad news for Nvidia, which designs the world's most advanced AI chips, because DeepSeek is proving that rapid advances are possible even with fewer and less sophisticated chips.
• Nvidia's stock slid on Friday and again in overnight trading last night, pulling the Nasdaq down with it.

Driving the news: DeepSeek hit #1 on Apple's App Store a week after the Jan. 20 release of its R1 model, which works along similar lines to OpenAI's o1.

• Presented with a complex challenge, it takes time to consider alternate approaches before picking the best solution — and it explains its chain of reasoning to users. These "reasoning" models are especially good at coding and math.
• Just last month another DeepSeek model, v3, stunned AI experts by providing performance comparable to OpenAI's and Anthropic's most advanced publicly available general models, as Axios reported.
• The kicker is that DeepSeek created and released its entirely open source project for about $6 million in training costs ("a joke of a budget," in one expert's words). OpenAI is spending hundreds of millions of dollars.

The results from China have turned eyes around the world and revved up concerns in the U.S. that its lead in the so-called AI race between the two superpowers may be shrinking.

• DeepSeek spun out of a Chinese hedge-fund firm two years ago, hired ambitious young AI scientists, and set them to figure out more efficient ways to develop models, per Wired, and they focused on basic research rather than consumer product development.

The other side: It's not as though the U.S.'s efforts to keep the best chips out of China haven't had an impact.

• DeepSeek is said to have already amassed a training network of 10,000 Nvidia H100s by the time U.S. sanctions were introduced in 2022.
• But DeepSeek's CEO has said that the export controls, and resulting scarcity of Nvidia's top-of-the-line chips, have been "a problem."

No one knows where DeepSeek would stand today if it didn't face those roadblocks.

• We also can't say whether DeepSeek would be making such rapid advances on its own without having the latest work from OpenAI and its U.S. competitors to aim at.

Our thought bubble: Scarcity drives innovation, China has some great AI minds at work, and the U.S. might need to rethink its strategy.

• Silicon Valley's startup culture relentlessly pushes research in the direction of the consumer market. But sometimes, particularly when a field is young and applications aren't immediately obvious, basic research is even more important than market share — and open research tends to overwhelm secret research.
• OpenAI's pivot from "world's best AI lab" to "aspiring consumer tech giant" has wowed the financial world but could leave the U.S. in second place.

President Trump claims that his administration will quickly deport "millions and millions" of "illegal aliens" with criminal records.

• Those millions don't exist.

The big picture: Less than 1% of immigrants deported last fiscal year were kicked out of the U.S. for crimes other than immigration violations. In the past 40 years, federal officials have documented about 425,000 noncitizens with criminal convictions on the ICE's "non-detained docket."

• About 13,100 of those were convicted in homicides and are imprisoned in the U.S. They'll have deportation hearings after serving their sentences.

To deport millions of "criminals," Trump would have to consider all undocumented immigrants as criminals. But being in the U.S. illegally is a civil violation, not a criminal one.

• Those millions would have to include agricultural, construction and service workers, students and others who are unauthorized to be in the U.S. but have no criminal backgrounds, according to legal specialists and an Axios review of federal immigration data.
• Unauthorized immigrants caught near the border can be quickly removed.
• But any convicted immigrants serving time — or those charged with crimes — will face deportation hearings only after the U.S. criminal justice system is done with them.

Catch up quick: In his inauguration speech, Trump previewed the executive orders on immigration restrictions he later signed, repeating his false claim that the nation is plagued by millions of undocumented immigrants with criminal records.

• "All illegal entry will immediately be halted, and we will begin the process of returning millions and millions of criminal aliens back to the places from which they came," he said.
• His surrogates have repeated that claim, adding that Trump's mass deportation plan would begin by prioritizing dangerous criminals — something the federal government has been doing since the Clinton administration.

Reality check: Less than 0.5% of the 1.8 million cases in immigration courts during the past fiscal year — involving about 8,400 people — included deportation orders for alleged crimes other than entering the U.S. illegally, an Axios review of government data found.

• Immigrants arrested in homicides accounted for less than 1% of "at-large" arrests by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) over the last six years, an Axios review found.
• At-large arrests are those made in public settings, as opposed to when ICE agents pick up someone who's already behind bars.

Zoom in: An Axios review of data for nearly 180,000 ICE at-large arrests from October 1, 2017, through Sept. 30, 2023, found that the most common charges for undocumented immigrants were driving under the influence (15%) and those involving drugs (15%), assaults (9%) and other traffic offenses (9%).

• 3% of the arrests involved larceny, 1.7% involved sexual assaults and 0.7% were linked to homicides.

What they're saying: "There are not millions of people with criminal records to deport," Nicole Hallett, director of the Immigrants' Rights Clinic at the University of Chicago, tells Axios.

• Trump "keeps trying to bullsh-t with the public that there are all these particularly serious so-called criminals. There aren't enough of those people to exist to be 1 million," Karen Tumlin, director of the immigrant legal advocacy group Justice Action Center, tells Axios.
• Both Hallett and Tumlin expect Trump to begin calling all undocumented immigrants "criminals" in order to say millions of criminals could be deported.

Between the lines: Trump's push to immediately deport those with actual criminal records also could run into hurdles put up by state and local prosecutors, legal specialists say.

• Crime victims will want justice, and prosecutors are unlikely to allow an immigrant convicted of a serious felony to escape prison in exchange for immediate deportation to freedom in another country, Tumlin said.
• Once they serve time, convicted immigrants typically have to wait in ICE detention for a deportation hearing, like everyone else in the U.S. immigration system.
• "There's no skip-the-line for criminal punishment," Tumlin said.
• Very rarely does ICE allow undocumented immigrants with convictions for dangerous felonies to return to the public after serving time. Some convicted of nonviolent crimes are released, however.

Study after study has indicated that immigrants — those in the U.S. legally, and those who aren't — commit crimes at lower rates than U.S. citizens.

• "This scary rhetoric that says it's about so-called dangerous people and serious criminals within our midst," Tumlin said. "The numbers, the math ... just doesn't math."

President Trump's executive orders on immigration signal a new strategy that appears aimed at boosting legal arguments for travel bans, emergency declarations and other restrictions.

Why it matters: That's the consensus among immigrant rights advocates who see Trump's strategy to dramatically restrict immigration as far more sophisticated — and potentially more successful — than his first-term efforts.

The big picture: Several of the executive orders require reports within 30 to 90 days that could used to justify new restrictions not just on immigrants, but also on foreigners who enter the U.S. as visitors or refugees.

• These reports could be used in court to document conditions the administration would cite in justifying future actions — such as country-specific travel bans, and long-term restrictions on asylum seekers, refugees or visa applicants.

One of Trump's orders called for a report into the validity of medical vetting of people from various countries. That report could set up a medical- or disease-related justification for denying entry to people from certain nations — like what was used to limit entries during the COVID-19 pandemic.

• Another report Trump demanded on the southern border could set a justification for a war-time response there, potentially invoking the only thrice-used Alien Enemies Act.
• That could allow Trump to deport those who are from an "enemy" nation.

What they're saying: "Trying to read between the lines, it does seem to lead to creating the premise for a broad travel ban that holds up in court," unlike the first Trump administration's attempted ban on those from Muslim nations, said Doris Meissner of the nonpartisan Migration Policy Institute.

Zoom Out: Trump previewed his immigration strategy on the campaign trail, but advocates say his plan for executing it — orchestrated by top Trump aide Stephen Miller — is more targeted and strategic.

• "What we're seeing here is an even more premeditated and thought-out blueprint for how to upend the U.S, immigration system by Trump and his advisers," said Nayna Gupta, policy director at the American Immigration Council.

Immigrant advocates say it's too early to act on much of what they believe Trump has planned, but they're closely watching how his policies unfold with potential legal challenges in mind.

• "We just have to wait to see how it's how it's implemented," said Aarthi Kohli, executive director of the Asian Law Center.
• Groups already have won a temporary injunction on Trump's order seeking to overturn birthright citizenship, a right guaranteed by the U.S. Constution's 14th Amendment.
• Legal analysts say that push by Trump has virtually no chance of succeeding in court or in Congress.

President Trump's "Border czar" Tom Homan and other top officials oversaw immigration enforcement efforts in Chicago on Sunday, as ICE officials announced 956 arrests in one day on Sunday.

Why it matters: The largest number of single-day arrests announced by Immigration and Customs Enforcement under Trump since he took office last Monday and declared a national emergency on the U.S.-Mexico border is a clear sign that his administration is stepping up efforts to crack down on undocumented immigrants.

• By comparison, an ICE report shows the average number of daily arrests of noncitizens with criminal convictions or pending charges in the fiscal year that ended Sept. 30 was 310.7.

State of play: "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, along with federal partners, including the FBI, ATF, DEA, CBP and the U.S. Marshals Service, began conducting enhanced targeted operations today in Chicago," per a post to ICE's website Sunday.

• The goal is "to enforce U.S. immigration law and preserve public safety and national security by keeping potentially dangerous criminal aliens out of our communities."
• The DEA Chicago was assisting the Department of Human Services "and other federal law enforcement partners with their immigration enforcement efforts," per a post to X that featured images of Homan and acting Deputy Attorney General Emil Bove.

What they're saying: Homan told ABC's "This Week" earlier Sunday that arrest and deportation numbers would "steadily increase," adding: "Right now, it's concentrating on public safety threats, national security threats. That's a smaller population."

• Chicago Mayor Brandon Johnson (D) said on X the city's police were "not involved" in federal enforcement efforts and emphasized that Chicagoans should "know their constitutional rights."

Zoom out: Hours after being sworn in as president for a second time, Trump signed executive orders to rework U.S. immigration policy.

• These include sending sending troops to the southern border and permitting immigration raids on churches and schools to arrest undocumented immigrants.
• Trump's executive order on ending birthright citizenship for those born to undocumented immigrants is being challenged in lawsuits by civil rights groups and Democratic state attorneys general, who contend that it conflicts with the 14th Amendment.

Go deeper: Trump pausing Colombia tariffs after migrants deal, White House says

Editor's note: This article has been updated with new details throughout.

President Trump won't impose tariffs on Colombia after the government agreed to accept all of his terms — including receiving Colombians deported from the U.S., White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt announced Sunday night.

Why it matters: It's a dramatic turnaround given Colombian President Gustavo Petro announced retaliatory tariffs hours after Trump said earlier Sunday he'd impose 25% tariffs on all goods imported from Colombia, which is a leading supplier of coffee and flowers in the U.S.

The latest: Colombian Foreign Minister Luis Gilberto Murillo said in a statement late Sunday the country's government had "overcome the impasse" with the U.S. and the nation's presidential plane was "ready to facilitate the return of Colombians who were going to arrive in the country this morning on deportation flights."

What they're saying: "The Government of Colombia has agreed to all of President Trump's terms, including the unrestricted acceptance of all illegal aliens from Colombia returned from the United States, including on U.S. military aircraft, without limitation or delay," Leavitt said in a statement.

• "Based on this agreement, the fully drafted IEEPA tariffs and sanctions will be held in reserve, and not signed, unless Colombia fails to honor this agreement," she said.

Yes, but: Leavitt said the State Department-issued visa sanctions and "enhanced inspections from Customs and Border Protection" will "remain in effect until the first planeload of Colombian deportees is successfully returned."

The intrigue: Petro initially reposted the White House statement announcing Trump's decision that Leavitt posted to X, but appears to have since rescinded this action.

State of play: Trump said on Truth Social early Sunday he would target Colombia with other sanctions in additions to the tariffs imposed over the refusal to accept flights — including a travel ban on government officials and financial penalties.

• Petro had ordered Colombian officials to turn away U.S. military planes carrying deportees, but later said he had arranged for his presidential plane to help repatriate Colombians.
• Trump's threat to impose tariffs and other sanctions on Colombia after the Latin American country refused to accept two deportation flights from the U.S. briefly ignited fears of a further surge in already high coffee prices, Axios' Ben Berkowitz notes.

What we're watching: Murillo and other top Colombian officials will travel to Washington, D.C., in the coming days for high-level meetings to follow up on the agreements, per the foreign minister's statement.

Background: Colombia has remained a key U.S. ally under the tenure of leftist leader Petro, per Axios' Astrid Galván and Avery Lotz.

• "Colombia is also the United States' third-largest trade partner in Latin America and U.S.-owned affiliates account for more than 90,000 jobs in Colombia," according to the State Department.
• The U.S. is the largest trade and investment partner of Colombia, with more than $39.3 billion in goods and services traded in 2022 amid "large investments" in the mining and manufacturing sectors, per the State Department.

Go deeper: Trump's Colombia tariff threat raises fears on coffee prices

Editor's note: This article has been updated with new details throughout.

South Korea's impeached President Yoon Suk Yeol was indicted on insurrection charges on Sunday after he briefly declared martial law last month, prosecutors told local media.

Why it matters: Yoon is the first sitting president to both be arrested and indicted on criminal charges.

• He could face life in prison or even the death penalty if convicted of insurrection because presidential immunity doesn't extend to such an offense in South Korea.

The big picture: Yoon denies any wrongdoing over his emergency martial law declaration, which sparked widespread protests and shocked allied nations before he rescinded the declaration hours after it was made.

• Former Defense Minister Kim Yong-hyun and other top officials are also facing insurrection charges over Yoon's declaration that the president claimed was to counter "pro-North Korean" elements in the country.
• Yoon was impeached and suspended from presidential duties over his actions and has been in detention since his Jan. 15 arrest following an hours-long standoff between law enforcement and the president's guard and supporters.

What they're saying: "[The] President's declaration of emergency martial law was a desperate plea to the public over a national crisis caused by the opposition getting out of control," Yoon's lawyers said in a statement, per Reuters.

Go deeper: South Korean president hit with travel ban after martial law mayhem

Israel will allow displaced Palestinians to return to the northern Gaza strip from Monday morning after Qatari and Egyptian mediators managed to solve the crisis over the release of an Israeli held hostage in Gaza, the Israeli prime minister's office said.

Why it matters: The failure by Hamas to release Arbel Yehud, a civilian woman, on Saturday as the hostage and ceasefire deal stipulated created a crisis that raised concerns that the agreement could collapse a week after it came into force.

• The return of Palestinian civilians to northern Gaza is one of the key deliverables Hamas demanded as part of the deal.
• Tens of thousands of displaced Palestinian civilians have been waiting in the past two days along the Netzarim corridor south of Gaza city waiting for the IDF to withdraw its forces and allow them to move north.

Catch up quick: On Friday, when Hamas gave Israel the list of four hostages that were expected to be released the next day it didn't include Arbel Yehud. Instead it included four women soldiers.

• According to the hostage deal, civilians women are released ahead of women soldiers.
• The Israelis protested to the Qatari and Egyptian mediators, but didn't stop the implementation of the deal.
• On Saturday, after the four soldier were release Israel announced it will not allow Palestinians to go back to northern Gaza until Arbel Yehud is released.
• The Israelis also asked White House envoy Steve Witkoff to intervene and demand the Qatari and Egyptian mediators to press Hamas.

Driving the news: On Sunday night local time, after 36 hours of negotiations the Qatari foreign ministry announced that an agreement had been reached to overcome the crisis.

• According to the agreement, Israel will allow Palestinians to move to northern Gaza starting Monday morning, the Qatari foreign ministry said.
• Hamas, for its part, will release Arbel Yehud and two other hostages on Thursday and three more hostages on Saturday. This will double the number of hostages that will be released this week.

State of play: After the agreement was reached, Hamas gave Israel a document with information about the remaining 26 hostages it is supposed to release in the first phase of the deal.

• An Israeli official said the list didn't include names but only data about the condition of the hostages. The official said that 18 out of the 26 remaining hostages in phase one of the deal are alive — a similar number to prior Israeli assessments.

Go deeper: Trump calls to "clean out" Gaza and move Palestinians to Egypt and Jordan

President Trump has signed an executive order aimed at revamping the Federal Emergency Management Agency, in the latest sign he's seeking to change how the agency handles disasters that hit the nation.

The big picture: Sunday's announcement of the order comes days after the president said he was considering "getting rid of" FEMA altogether, as he and others in the GOP have in recent months complained the agency's disaster response has been biased against Republicans.

• Trump could significantly impact state and federal disaster response by withholding federal disaster declarations and preventing certain types of aid from flowing to states, at least for a time. He's threatened to do so in wildfire-hit California.
• He's yet to name a head to oversee FEMA.

Driving the news: Trump signed the order after visiting communities impacted by historic fires in Southern California on Friday during his first presidential trip of his second term.

• The order calls for the creation of a task force, dubbed the Federal Emergency Management Agency Review Council, to review FEMA and recommend changes in a report to Trump.
• The group will be composed of the secretaries of homeland security and defense, along with private-sector subject matter experts, per the order.

Between the lines: The task force could recommend getting rid of the agency.

• But only Congress can get rid of FEMA.

Our thought bubble: There is agreement among many experts in the disaster management community that some reforms to FEMA are necessary, Axios' Andrew Freedman says.

• However, governors are likely to push back against attempts to have them shoulder the full burden of disaster response given their comparative lack of resources.

Go deeper: Trump suggests states should handle emergency response instead of FEMA

Editor's note: The headline has been updated to clarify that the executive order calls for an examination of overhauling FEMA. 

The ceasefire agreement between Israel and Lebanon will be extended until February 18, the White House said on Sunday.

Why it matters: The extension was a result of mediation efforts by the Trump administration that were aimed at preventing the collapse of the ceasefire.

• The extension will allow another three and a half weeks for Israel's military to finish its withdrawal from Southern Lebanon and for the Lebanese army to finish its deployment along the border.

Driving the news: According to the ceasefire agreement, Israel had to finish its withdrawal by Sunday at the end of a 60-day period defined in the deal.

• On Friday, the Israeli prime minister's office said the IDF would not complete its withdrawal.
• Hezbollah warned that it would consider the ceasefire null and void if Israel breaches Sunday's withdrawal deadline.
• The White House said on Friday afternoon that "a short, temporary ceasefire extension is urgently needed" and the U.S. will work with "regional partners" to secure it.
• The Trump administration has been negotiating with Lebanon and Israel in the last 96 hours to prevent the ceasefire from collapsing.
• A few minutes before midnight local time the White House issued the statement announcing the extension of the ceasefire.

What to watch: The White House said Lebanon, Israel, and the U.S. will also begin negotiations for the return of Lebanese prisoners captured after Oct. 7, 2023. Many of these prisoners are Hezbollah militants.

President Trump on Sunday said he was imposing large tariffs and significant sanctions on Colombia after its government refused to accept two military cargo flights carrying deported Colombians.

The latest: Trump won't impose tariffs on Colombia after all — following the Latin American government's agreement to accept all of his terms, including receiving Colombians deported from the U.S., White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt announced Sunday night.

Why it matters: The Latin American country has long been a crucial U.S. ally, even under the tenure of leftist President Gustavo Petro.

• The U.S. is Colombia's largest trade and investment partner, with over $39 billion in goods and services traded between both countries in 2022, according to the U.S. State Department.

Catch up quick: Petro ordered Colombian officials to turn away military planes carrying deportees this weekend. He said in a post on X that the U.S. cannot treat Colombian migrants like criminals and should return them on civilian flights.

• "I can't force migrants to stay in a country where they're not wanted, but that country should return them with dignity and respect toward them and also our country," Petro wrote.

Trump wrote in a Truth Social post that he was imposing emergency 25% tariffs on all goods coming into the U.S. from Colombia, a travel ban on Colombian government officials and other major financial sanctions in response to the refusal to accept the flights.

Of note: Petro said in response on X he had ordered Colombia's foreign trade minister to "raise tariffs on imports from the U.S. to 25%."

• He added: "The ministry should help direct our exports to the rest of the world, other than the U.S. Our exports must expand."

State of play: In one week, Trump wrote, the tariffs will rise to 50%.

• Beyond the travel ban and tariffs, the president said he directed his administration to revoke visas for Colombian government officials and place visa sanctions on all party and family members, as well as supporters, of the Colombian government.
• Additionally, he ordered enhanced inspections of Colombian nationals and cargo "on national security grounds."

Meanwhile, Petro has arranged for his presidential plane to help repatriate Colombians deported from the U.S. per a statement from the Colombian president's office.

• "The measure responds to the government's commitment to guarantee dignified conditions," the statement added.

What they're saying: "These measures are just the beginning," Trump wrote. "We will not allow the Colombian Government to violate its legal obligations with regard to the acceptance and return of the Criminals they forced into the United States!"

Zoom out: Trump throughout his campaign vowed to expel millions of undocumented people from the U.S. — and during his first week in office, his immigration crackdown began with a series of sweeping executive orders.

• Tom Homan, Trump's "border czar," told ABC News that the U.S. government will conduct deportation flights every day. The administration issued a new rule Tuesday that dramatically expanded expedited removal for immigrants who cannot prove they have continually lived in the U.S. for the past two years.
• The Pentagon announced Wednesday that it would send an additional 1,500 troops to the southern border as Trump declared a national emergency in the region, and the administration is working to secure more aircraft to speed up deportations.
• Two Air Force C-17 cargo planes carrying migrants removed from the U.S. landed Friday morning in Guatemala, the Associated Press reported. Another two deportation flights touched down on the same day in Honduras.
• Another flight to Brazil landed on Saturday, prompting outrage from the nation's government when those on the flight arrived in handcuffs which the foreign ministry called a "flagrant disregard" for the rights of the 88 passengers.

What we're watching: Trump's retaliatory tariffs could further increase already surging coffee prices, meaning a pricier cup of joe for American consumers, Axios' Ben Berkowitz reports.

• According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Colombia is also a leading supplier of flowers to the U.S. The country provided about 37% of U.S. cut flower and nursery stock value from 2018 to 2022.

Editor's note: This story has been updated with additional details throughout.

President Trump's threat to impose retaliatory 25% tariffs on Colombia briefly ignited fears of a further surge in already high coffee prices.

Why it matters: Beans from Colombia make up 20% of U.S. coffee imports, and the only source larger, Brazil, is struggling with weak crops after a series of weather disasters.

Catch up quick: On Sunday Trump said he would impose an emergency 25% tariff on all goods imported from Colombia — rising to 50% in one week — after the country refused to accept two deportation flights from the U.S.

• A few hours later, the White House said it was pausing those tariffs after Colombia agreed to Trump's terms.

Zoom out: Coffee prices were already surging before the tariff threat.

• Coffee futures are up 45% in the last six months.
• Bloomberg reported last week that wholesale prices recently eclipsed all-time highs set in the late 1970s, and that it was only a matter of days to a few weeks until retail prices followed suit.
• As it stands, consumer coffee prices are already at multi-decade highs, per Consumer Price Index data.

The intrigue: Bird flu is causing record price shocks and shortages in eggs as well.

• American breakfasts risk getting a lot more expensive, even as Trump begins a new term with a promise to lower grocery prices.

Of note: The White House statement indicated Trump was prepared to use the International Economic Emergency Powers Act of 1977 (IEEPA), which has not been used before to levy tariffs.

Editor's note: This article has been updated with details of the White House announcement pausing tariffs on Colombia.

President Trump entered his resurgent era on an avalanche of dozens of sweeping executive orders and proclamations, some of which had immediate impacts on immigration, the federal bureaucracy, the LGBTQ+ community and beyond.

Yes, but: Not everyone in the MAGA masses is singing the same tune.

Here's what you may have missed when newsmakers hit the airwaves this Sunday, Jan. 26.

1. Trump, Biden face pardon pushback

Monday's flurry of pardons from President Trump and former President Biden exposed a glimmer of bipartisanship on Capitol Hill — with many lawmakers agreeing both took their power too far.

• Minutes before leaving office, Biden preemptively pardoned five family members. And just after Trump took over the Oval Office, he pardoned some 1,500 Jan. 6 defendants.

What they're saying: Pardoning those who beat up law enforcement officers on Jan. 6 was "a mistake," Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) said Sunday on NBC's "Meet the Press."

• "I will be consistent here, I don't like the idea of bailing people out of jail or pardoning people who burned down cities and beat up cops, whether you are Republican or a Democrat," he continued.
• Speaking on CNN's "State of the Union" Sunday, Graham also criticized Biden's use of pardons and suggested there should be "an effort to rein in the pardon power of the president" if perceived abuses persist.

The other side: Sen. Richard Blumenthal (D-Conn.) called for additional guardrails on the president's vast pardon power on "Fox News Sunday," highlighting legislation he introduced following Trump's Jan. 6 pardons.

• "These decisions are made in the shadows; they are a black box," he said.

Worth noting: It's not just lawmakers who would be on board with a change. Some participants in Axios' latest Engagious/Sago swing-voter focus group said Trump and Biden both went too far with their presidential pardons and that they'd back a theoretical constitutional amendment to taper presidential pardon power.

Zoom out: Both the Fraternal Order of Police, the largest police union in the U.S., and the International Association of Chiefs of Police condemned Trump's near-total pardons of Jan. 6 rioters.

• Among the roughly 1,500 pardoned and 14 others whose sentences were commuted were individuals who attacked officers and leaders of the extremist groups the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers.

Threat level: Rep. Jason Crow (D-Colo.) highlighted the hyper-partisan environment violent Jan. 6 rioters and members of extremist groups were released into, saying on CBS News' "Face the Nation," "None of this is making us safe."

• While he defended Biden's decision to pardon his family members in the wake of persistent threats from Trump and fears of political retribution, Crow said, "what I would like to see overall is pardon reform."
• "People need to know that the person sitting in the Oval Office has their best interests in mind at all times," Crow said, "and certainly not with Donald Trump right now can they have that feeling of trust and confidence, because ... five days into this administration, the abuse is already rampant."

2. Trump's inspectors general firings generate some shrugs

Trump's ongoing civil service shakeup saw more than a dozen inspectors general booted from their posts across the federal government Friday.

The intrigue: The terminations, as stated by Senate Judiciary Committee Chair Chuck Grassley, appear to violate federal law requiring a 30-day congressional notice of intent to fire a Senate-confirmed inspector general.

• "There may be good reason the IGs were fired," Grassley said in a Saturday statement to CNN. "We need to know that if so. I'd like further explanation from President Trump. Regardless, the 30-day detailed notice of removal that the law demands was not provided to Congress."
• Sen. Adam Schiff (D-Calif.) described Trump's move as "a clear violation of law," while Blumenthal challenged his GOP colleagues to "join me in opposing these firings."
• Blumenthal added, "Elon Musk ought to be also joining because he is against wasteful spending," something watchdogs would likely monitor.

Yes, but: Graham noted that while Trump "technically" violated the law, he has "the authority" to dismiss personnel.

Zoom out: Rep. Mike Turner (R-Ohio) echoed Graham Sunday, brushing off concerns that Trump may install loyalists in inspector general posts.

• "It's very common as new administrations come in that specifically these positions be replaced," he said.
• Sen. Tom Cotton (R-Ark.) similarly shrugged off the dismissals, telling Fox's Shannon Bream, "Ultimately, these inspectors general serve at the pleasure of the president — he wants new people in there."

Flashback: During Trump's first-term fight to purge the government and so-called "deep state" of those deemed disloyal, he targeted multiple inspectors general.

• While it is normal for political appointees to be replaced during presidential transitions, a report from the Congressional Research Service notes that the "practice has disfavored removal of IGs during presidential transitions" following sweeping action at the beginning of former President Reagan's term.
• Since 1981, the report states, "IGs have remained in their positions during each presidential transition."

3. Republicans urge Trump to rethink pulling security details for ex-officials

Trump's decision to strip security protections from former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and others could expose those individuals to threats from abroad and have a chilling effect on future officials, Cotton said Sunday.

• Beyond Pompeo, Trump revoked former national security adviser John Bolton's and former National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Director Anthony Fauci's security details.
• Pompeo's top aide Brian Hook also reportedly lost his security.

Context: Pompeo has criticized Trump on foreign and fiscal policy, while Bolton warned his former boss was "unfit" to be president again.

• Fauci has been open about receiving death threats. Pompeo, Bolton and Hook have faced threats from Iran.

What they're saying: "I would encourage the president to revisit the decision for those people who are being targeted by Iran as the president was targeted for assassination by Iran," Cotton, the chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee said on "Fox News Sunday."

• The threat to those involved in the strike that killed Qasem Soleimani, once one of the Iranian regime's most powerful figures, is "persistent" and "real," Cotton said.
• "It's better to be safe than sorry," he said, "because it's not just about these men who helped President Trump carry out his policy in his first term, it's about their family and friends, innocent bystanders every time they're in public."

Zoom out: Graham seemingly agreed, telling NBC's Kristen Welker Sunday, "if there is a legitimate threat against people who have served our government from a foreign adversary, I don't want to pull that protection."

• "The last thing we want to do in this country is tell somebody, come into our government ... come up with policies to stand up to rogue nations like Iran, they come after you, we pull the rug on you," Graham said.

More from Axios' Sunday coverage:

• Vance tells Catholic Bishops to 'look in the mirror' over immigration policy concerns
• Scoop: How Trump's "black box" limits outside influences
• CIA favors COVID lab leak theory

Vice President Vance said in an interview aired Sunday that the US Conference of Catholic Bishops has "not been a good partner in common sense immigration enforcement" after the assembly condemned several of President Trump's executive orders.

Why it matters: A number of Christian organizations rebuked Trump's immigration executive orders in the days after his inauguration, noting how they violate core tenets of Christianity and endanger vulnerable populations.

• Archbishop Timothy P. Broglio, the USCCB president, said in a Wednesday statement that some provisions of Trump's executive actions, including those that affect immigrants and refugees, "are deeply troubling and will have negative consequences."
• A day later, the group released a separate statement condemning the revised DHS policy that scraps prior guidance for immigration officials to avoid so-called sensitive areas, like schools and churches.
• "[N]on-emergency immigration enforcement in schools, places of worship, social service agencies, healthcare facilities, or other sensitive settings where people receive essential services would be contrary to the common good," the USCCB statement read.

Driving the news: Vance, who is Catholic, said he was "heartbroken" by the USCCB statement on CBS News' "Face the Nation."

• "I think that the US Conference of Catholic Bishops needs to actually look in the mirror a little bit and recognize that when they receive over $100 million to help resettle illegal immigrants, are they worried about humanitarian concerns?" Vance questioned. "Or are they actually worried about their bottom line?"
• According to the USCCB website, the United States Catholic Bishops' Migration and Refugee Services department help to resettle around 18% of the refugees that arrive in the country each year.

State of play: Trump's executive order suspending refugee resettlement programs prompted the administration to cancel flights for incoming refugees who had already been approved, leaving thousands stranded.

• Vance argued in the interview aired Sunday that not "all of these refugees" had been "properly vetted."

Zoom out: While several clergy members and organizations have condemned Trump's executive actions through statements, the Right Rev. Mariann Budde made headlines when she asked Trump to his face to "have mercy" on immigrants and LGBTQ+ people from the Washington National Cathedral pulpit.

• The president slammed Budde, the Episcopal bishop of Washington, as a "Radical Left hard line Trump hater" in a Wednesday Truth Social post.

Threat level: According to the USCCB's statement condemning DHS' new guidelines on sensitive spaces, the move has already had a chilling effect: "[W]e are already witnessing reticence among immigrants to engage in daily life, including sending children to school and attending religious services."

• CBS' Margaret Brennan noted the possibility of a chilling effect prompting immigrants not to send their children to school, to which Vance replied he "desperately" hopes it has a "chilling effect on illegal immigrants coming into our country."
• He added he hopes as "a devout Catholic" that the USCCB will "do better."

Go deeper: Trump's immigration crackdown met with defiance from local police

President Trump is surprising — even frustrating — some longtime friends in his second administration's early days with fewer leaks, a lack of exploitable rivalries, and tighter restrictions on access to him.

Why it matters: No modern president has done more — across more areas of American policy, culture and life — than Trump in the past six days. This new operating style and system enabled a strategy of flooding the nation with so many huge moves that it's hard for critics to attack specific ones.

• Trump jammed through confirmation of Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth, fired at least a dozen inspectors general, proposed killing FEMA, and scolded LA officials. That was Friday! Saturday, he said he wants to "clean out" Gaza, bullied Greenland and Canada, and went all-in on no tax on tips.

Behind the scenes: Trump's inner circle is hellbent on running a more functional White House than his chaotic first term — partly to act quickly on his most controversial plans before critics can attack.

• It's stunning to veterans of Trump's first West Wing. But at least in Week 1, the new government has mirrored the discipline of his 2024 campaign operation — another sharp contrast with his previous teams.

"It's a total black box," a lobbyist close to the administration told Axios. "Nothing is leaking except what they want."

• There's a "strong silo system" that has kept advocates and special interests from forum-shopping and end-running administration officials, the lobbyist added.

The biggest change of all, Axios has learned, is that White House Chief of Staff Susie Wiles and other aides have clamped down on the ability of random friends and reporters to call Trump directly.

• Until now, if you had his phone number and called, Trump would answer and talk to you — and maybe even act on whatever you suggested.
• Now, Trump wants to focus more on work and has less time for bull sessions so he's less prone to answer his phone.

Zoom out: Another huge difference between the two Trump administrations' first weeks is how this one started — with a deluge of deeply researched executive orders and actions targeting immigration, DEI and more, overwhelming the administrative state.

• "There are more questions about how all this is going to work, and right now, there just aren't enough bodies to answer them," said a Washington consultant who worked in the first Trump administration.

Zoom in: Sergio Gor, Trump's director of presidential personnel, told Fox News from the White House on Thursday that the administration has filled about 1,300 of 4,000 positions.

Trump's first administration was often a free-for-all, driven by rivalries between Chief of Staff Reince Priebus, adviser Steve Bannon and Trump's son-in-law, Jared Kushner.

• This time, Trump and Wiles — along with deputy chiefs of staff Taylor Budowich, James Blair and Stephen Miller, the architect of Trump's controversial crackdown on immigration — wanted a unified team.
• As Wiles made clear to Axios, there's no room for lone wolves this time.

When Trump was elected in 2017, he was new to politics, and essentially a foreign agent in the GOP.

• That led Trump to make relatively conventional choices for his Cabinet and top staff — many of whom he wound up hating. This time, it's all Trump loyalists.

"Back then, he was trying to consolidate power in the Republican Party," said Marc Short, chief of staff to then-Vice President Mike Pence. "Today, Trump is the party."

The debate over COVID's origins has included two main theories: that it came naturally from a market in Wuhan, China, or that it came from a lab leak there. In a new assessment, the CIA says it's more likely that COVID originated from a lab leak.

Why it matters: "John Ratcliffe, the new director of the CIA., ... has said it is a critical piece of intelligence that needs to be understood and that it has consequences for U.S.-Chinese relations," The New York Times' Julian E. Barnes reports.

Catch up quick: There's no new evidence. These conclusions came from a review ordered by the Biden administration and released this week by Ratcliffe.

• According to a CIA spokesperson, "CIA assesses with low confidence that a research-related origin of the COVID-19 pandemic is more likely than a natural origin based on the available body of reporting. CIA continues to assess that both research-related and natural origin scenarios of the COVID-19 pandemic remain plausible."
• "We have low confidence in this judgement and will continue to evaluate any available credible new intelligence reporting or open-source information that could change CIA's assessment."

What to watch: "Ratcliffe has promised a more aggressive CIA, and it is possible that he will order more actions to penetrate the labs in Wuhan or the Chinese government in a search for information," Barnes writes.

• "It will not be an easy secret to steal. The senior ranks of the Chinese government do not know, and do not want to know, American officials have said. So if there is intelligence, it is probably hidden in a place that is hard to get to."

Elon Musk told members of the far-right, anti-immigration Alternative for Germany (AfD) party that "there's too much focus on past guilt," days after he gave what scholars and rights groups said was a Hitlergruß, or Nazi salute.

Why it matters: The world's richest man made the remarks Saturday, seemingly referring to the burden Germany carries for the Holocaust, two days before International Holocaust Remembrance Day.

The big picture: The comments also follow a series of Nazi-related "jokes" Musk posted on X, which were a series of puns referencing prominent Nazis like chief propagandist Joseph Goebbels and Heinrich Himmler.

• Musk in 2023 faced backlash for endorsing an antisemitic post, as 164 Jewish rabbis and activists upped their calls to companies to stop advertising on the Musk-owned X.
• He's also failed to stop the posting or amplification of pro-Nazi content on X.

The latest: Musk spoke virtually to cheering members of AfD while denouncing multiculturism and defending Germany's past.

• "There is too much focus on past guilt, and we need to move beyond that," Musk said.
• "Children should not be guilty of the sins of their parents, let alone their great-grandparents."
• "It's good to be proud of German culture, German values, and not to lose that in some sort of multiculturalism that dilutes everything."

Reality check: Neo-Nazi and skinhead leaders often tell followers at rallies not to be shamed of their grandparents or parents who were members of the Nazi Party before and during World War II. They've also criticized growing multiculturalism in Germany.

• Germany has garnered international recognition for allowing the placement of Stolpersteine (stumbling stones) across the country to commemorate sites linked to victims of the Nazi regime.

Context: Germany will hold a snap election in February after a center-left coalition government led by Chancellor Olaf Scholz collapsed.

• AfD became the first far-right party this year to win a regional election in Germany since World War II.

Zoom in: Musk's latest comments were quickly denounced by some Jewish groups in the U.S.

• "Again: Musk is a shameless and unrepentant antisemite, and those who defend him only further embolden him and the neo-Nazis he so inspires," Jewish Council for Public Affairs CEO Amy Spitalnick said in a statement.

Yes, but: None of the controversies around antisemitism appear to have done him or his companies any visible harm, Axios' Felix Salmon reports.

• Financial markets have been bidding up Tesla stock as Musk cemented his bonds with President Trump.

What we're watching: The Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial & Museum and the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum will hold events around International Holocaust Remembrance Day Commemoration on Monday.

• The event will mark the 80th anniversary of Soviet forces liberating Auschwitz-Birkenau, and many experts believe the commemoration is the last major milestone with many survivors present.
• Survivors are expected to warn the world about rising antisemitism — and could bring up Musk.